1. Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

(A) The nodes of Ranvier conduct potentials in one direction.

(B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated sodium channels.

(C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon.

(D) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.

10. Why are action potentials usually conducted in only one direction along an axon? (A) The nodes of Ranvier can conduct potentials in only one direction. (B) The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Nat channels. (C) The axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the terminals of the axon. (D) Ions can flow along the axon in only one direction. (E) Voltage-gated channels for both Na+ and K+ open in only one direction.

2. Which of the following statements is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics for a living organism? (A) The energy content of an organism is constant. (B) An organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment. (C) The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity. (D) Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.

3. A newly discovered unicellular organism isolated from acidic mine drainage is found to contain a cell wall, a plasma membrane, two flagella, and peroxisomes. Based just on this information, the organism is most likely (A) a nonmotile prokaryote (B) a motile bacterium (C) a motile archaea (D) a motile eukaryote

4. A patient who underwent cholecystectomy develops steatorrhea after consuming a high-fat meal. Which digestive process is most directly impaired? (A) Protein hydrolysis by pepsin (B) Emulsification of lipids by bile salts (C) Carbohydrate digestion by amylase (D) Absorption of amino acids

5. The nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a chemical treatment caused the lamina to disassemble, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence? (A) Closing of nuclear pores (B) The inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division (C) A loss of genetic information from chromosomes (D) A change in the shape of the nucleus

6. A research team is working on the design of a new drug for the treatment of lung cancer. To be most effective, this drug must specifically enter the cytoplasm of lung cells while not entering the cells of other tissues. Which of the following characteristics would likely enhance the specificity of this drug? (A) The relative hydrophobicity of the drug molecule (B) Phospholipid composition of lung cell plasma membranes (C) Specificity of the drug molecule for binding to the extracellular matrix of lung cells (D) Similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules normally transported lung cells

7. Which of the following statements correctly describes osmosis? (A) Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. (B) Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. (C) In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. (D) In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. 好的，這是一份試卷的題目與選項： 台灣聯合大學系統115學年度學士班轉學生考試試題 科目：普通生物學 類組別：A1 共6頁第2頁

8. If the adrenal cortex were surgically removed, an increase in the plasma levels of __ would likely be observed. (A) glucocorticoid hormones (B) epinephrine (C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D) acetylcholine

9. Researchers cultured embryonic liver cells on a synthetic surface that lacked extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although growth factors were present, the cells failed to activate several genes normally expressed during liver development. Which type of membrane protein is most likely required for transmitting signals from the ECM to the nucleus? (A) Integrins (B) Fibronectins (C) Actin microfilaments (D) Receptor tyrosine kinases

10. Which of the following processes generally requires protein phosphorylation? (A) Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (B) Activation of steroid hormone receptors (C) Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (D) Activation ligand-gated ion channels

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