10. Which RNA molecule functions as an adaptor that links amino acids to mRNA codons during translation?
(A) mRNA
(B) rRNA
(C) snRNA
(D) tRNA
(E) snoRNA

11. The vacuolar V-ATPase primarily functions to (A) generate ATP from proton gradients. (B) export protons from the cell. (C) acidify intracellular compartments. (D) maintain mitochondrial membrane potential (E) transport into the ER

12. Which modification enhances the stability and translational efficiency of eukaryotic mRNA? (A) Lengthening of the poly( A ) tail. (B) Shortening of the poly( A ) tail. (C) Addition of a 5' cap. (D) Introduction of AU-rich elements. (E) Endonucleolytic cleavage.

13. Which ribosomal site typically holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain? (A) A site (B) P site (C) E site (D) Exit tunnel (E) Decoding center

14. A Holiday structure is a(n): (A) intermediate in genetic recombination. (B) double-stranded DNA break. (C) collapsed replication fork. (D) thymine-thymine dimmer. (E) intermediate in nucleotide excision repair.

15. Failure of which cell-cycle checkpoint is most likely to result in nondisjunction? (A) S phase checkpoint. (B) DNA-damage checkpoint. (C) unreplicated DNA checkpoint. (D) chromosome-segregation checkpoint. (E) A and C.

16. Genetically knocking out both copies of the p53 gene in rats ______.(A) does not have any effect unless the rats live outside of the laboratory and are exposed to various types of stress. (B) increases cell death by apoptosis, leading to developmental defects. (C) results in a lower malignancy rate, but the rats are otherwise seemingly normal. (D) results in a higher rate of cancer onset, but the rats are otherwise seemingly normal. (E) is embryonic lethal.

17. Which event is most critical for sorting lysosomal hydrolases in the trans-Golgi network (TGN)? (A) Recognition of KDEL sequences. (B) Addition of mannose-6-phosphate to N-linked glycans. (C) Binding to AP2 adaptor complexes. (D) Ubiquitination of luminal domains. (E) COPI vesicle formation.

18. Which of the following does not belong to basic neuron types? (A) Bipolar. (B) Unipolar. (C) Multipolar. (D) Pyrimidal. (E) Ependymal.

19.Which of the following does not belong to the major protein families of axon guidance cue? (A) Ephrin. (B) Semaphorin. (C) Slit. (D) Netrin. (E) Shh.

20. Which happens first during an action potential? (A) Opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels. (B) Opening of voltage-gated K+ channels. (C) Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. (D) Closing of voltage gated K+ channels. (E) Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

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