10. Which one of the DNA elements is not required for a chromosome to be stably maintained in cells?
(A) origin of replication
(B) centromere
(C) primer
(D) telomere

11. Chromatin consists of DNA and histone proteins. DNA and histone has strong attraction for each other because: (A) DNA is positively charged and histones are negatively charged. (B) both DNA and proteins are hydrophobic. (C) DNA is negatively charged and histones are positively charged. (D) like substances share common charges.

12. Which of the following is the least important element in plasmid DNA for making recombinant DNA: (A) a selection marker (B) DNA replication origin (C) multiple cloning sites (D) lac operon sequence for gene expression

複選題13. You would like to clone a gene by PCR. The sequence of the two ends of the coding strand for the gene is provided below. ATGAAATCTACGTTTCAC........................CCCCCAGTACCCCCCCTTA Which of the following pairs of primers would direct the amplification of this gene? All sequences are written from 5' to 3'. (A) ATGAAATCTACGTTTCAC; CCCCAGTCСССССТТА (B) ATGAAATCTACGTTTCAC; TAAGGGGGGTACTGGGGG (C) TACTTTAGATGCAAAGTG; ATTCCCCCCATGACCCCC (D) GTGAAACGTAGATTTCAT; ATTCCCCCCATGACCCCC

14. Which research topic/area was the awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2018? (A) cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation (B) molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm (C) mechanisms for autophagy (D) novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites

15. The segment of the DNA molecule where messenger RNA synthesis begins is called the... (A) promoter region; (B) sigma factor; (C) transcription terminator; (D) polymerase.

16. For identification of a gene using the Southern blot analysis, against which strand of DNA must the probe complement? (A) either the top or bottom strand (B) only the coding strand (C) only the template strand (D) None of the above

17. "Footprinting" or DNase protection is a technique used to identify: (A) a region of DNA that has been damaged by mutation. (B) E. coli cells that contain a desired, cloned piece of DNA. (C) the position of a particular gene of a chromosome. (D) the specific binding site of a repressor, polymerase, or other protein on the DNA.

18. Which of the following can alter repressor proteins thereby increasing the rate of transcription initiation? (A) Corepressor (B) Inducer (C) Effector (D) Modulator

19. As the result of exposure to a mutagen, cytosine is substituted for thymine in one strand of DNA. Upon subsequent DNA replication, one of the daughter cells will have a GC pair in this position instead of an AT pair. This is called a(n) _____ mutation. (A) transition (B) transversion (C) frameshift (D) insertion

20. The three steps that take place in each cycle during PCR occur in which order? (A) DNA annealing, denaturation, and synthesis. (B) DNA synthesis, denaturation, and annealing. (C) DNA denaturation, annealing, and synthesis. (D) DNA denaturation, synthesis, and annealing.

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