10.Which of the following organelles contain(s) its own DNA?
(A) Ribosome
(B) Mitochondria
(C) Golgi apparatus
(D) Chloroplast
(E) Nucleus

11.In the context of signal transduction, which molecules act as "second messengers"? (A) САМР (суclic AMP) (B) Calcium ions (C) Insulin (D) IP3 (Inositol trisphosphate) (E) DNA polymerase

12.Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a fundamental technique. Which components are NOT essential for a standard PCR reaction? (A) DNA template (B) Primers (Oligonucleotides) (C) Thermostable DNA polymerase (D) dNTPs (deoxynucleotide triphosphates) (E) RNA polymerase

13.Regarding topoisomerase, which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? (A) Type I topoisomerase cleaves only one strand of DNA (B)Type II topoisomerase causes double-strand breaks and requires ATP (C)One of the functions of topoisomerase is to relieve the supercoiling tension (torsional stress) caused by replication or transcription (D)DNA gyrase can introduce negative supercoils in bacteria (E)Topoisomerase only functions during transcription and is unrelated to replication

14.Which of the following common methods is/are CORRECT for detecting protein-protein interactions? (A)Yeast two-hybrid (B) Co-immunoprecipitation (C) FRET/BiFC (D) GST pull-down assay (E) EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay)

15.Regarding statements about chromatin and epigenetics, which of the following is/are CORRECT? (A) Н3КK9me3 is often associated with heterochromatin (B) Histone acetylation is usually associated with transcriptional activation (C) DNA methylation near promoters is often associated with gene silencing (D)The nucleosome core consists of two of each H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 (histone octamer) (E)Heterochromatin is usually looser and more easily digested by DNase.

16.Regarding the differences in translation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which of the following is/are CORRECT? (A)Prokaryotic cells can perform transcription and translation simultaneously (coupling) (B)The Shine-Dalgarno sequence binds to the small ribosomal subunit to position the start site (C)The Kozak sequence is mainly found near the initiation site of eukaryotic mRNA (D)Eukaryotic translation must first be completed inside the nucleus (E)Prokaryotic translation initiation usually begins with Met-tRNAi entering the A site.

17.Regarding disulfide bonds, which of the following is/are CORRECT? (A)They are formed by two cysteine residues (B) They are more easily formed in oxidative environments (such as the ER lumen or bacterial periplasm) (C)Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) can assist in the formation/rearrangement of disulfide bonds (D)Disulfide bonds are considered non-covalent interactions (E) Disulfide bonds can affect protein stability and folding

18.Regarding membrane fluidity, which of the following is/are CORRECT? (A) Increased temperature usually increases fluidity (B) An increased proportion of unsaturated fatty acids usually increases fluidity (C) Longer fatty acid carbon chains usually increase fluidity (D) Cholesterol can "buffer"fluidity (affecting it differently at different temperatures) (E) The content and composition of membrane proteins can also affect fluidity.

19.Which of the following regarding restriction enzyme cleavage patterns is/are CORRECT? (A) EcoRI produces 5' protruding (sticky) ends. (B) EcoRV produces blunt ends (C)Whether sticky or blunt ends are produced depends on the position of the cleavage site relative to the center of the symmetry sequence (D)All restriction enzymes produce only blunt ends (E)Sticky ends facilitate ligation efficiency when they are complementary to each other

20.Regarding ribozymes, which of the following is/are CORRECT? (A) They are essentially RNA and possess catalytic activity (B) They absolutely require proteins to catalyze reactions (C)They serve as partial evidence supporting the "RNA World" hypothesis (D)The catalytic core of the ribosome is primarily contributed by rRNA (E) A ribozyme is equivalent to a DNA polymerase.

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