11. Which animal possesses an open circulatory system?
(A) Earthworm
(B) Salmon
(C) Frog
(D) Eagle
(E) Mollusk

12. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a wide array of bioinformatics tools. What is the primary function of the widely used software BLAST? (A) To predict the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence by comparing it to structures in the Protein Data Bank. (B) To assemble short, overlapping DNA fragments from a sequencing project into a single continuous genome sequence. (C) To compare a user-submitted DNA or protein sequence against the entire GenBank database to find sequences with a similar local alignment. (D) To identify all functional elements in a genome, including enhancers, promoters, and noncoding RNA genes, as was done in the ENCODE project. (E) To construct an evolutionary tree by comparing the entire genomes of multiple species and calculating their divergence times.

13. Which of the following statements about signal transduction pathways is correct? (A) All signaling molecules can pass directly through the plasma membrane. (B) Protein kinases in signaling pathways often amplify the cellular response. (C) Receptor proteins always function as ion channels. (D) Second messengers are membrane-bound proteins. (E) Signal transduction terminates only when the ligand is degraded.

14. Which circulatory feature most directly enables sustained high rates of oxygen delivery to metabolically active tissues in animals? (A) Use of an open vascular network (B) Reliance on diffusion across tissues (C) Maintenance of high-pressure closed vessels (D) Circulation of hemolymph as transport fluid (E) Absence of oxygen-binding pigments

15. Which regulatory change would most specifically reduce transcription of a eukaryotic gene without altering its DNA sequence? (A) Deletion of the gene’s promoter region (B) Loss of a transcription factor’s DNA-binding domain (C) A frameshift mutation in the coding region (D) DNA methylation of CpG islands near the promoter (E) Removal of the poly( A ) tail from mature mRNA

16. Activation of a Gs protein in response to hormone binding requires binding of _____ to the _____ subunit.(A) GTP; α(B) GDP; β(C) GDP; γ(D) GTP; β(E) GDP; α

17. The α cells of the pancreatic islets secrete _____ in response to _____ glucose levels.(A) insulin; high(B) insulin; low(C) glucagon; high(D) glucagon; low(E) epinephrine; low

18. Which of the following is an omega-3 fatty acid? (A) 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (B) 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (C) 6,9,12-Octadecatrienoic acid (D) 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid (E) 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid

19. A protein is observed to bind its ligand with higher affinity at low pH. What is the most likely explanation for this pH-dependent increase in binding? (A) Protonation of binding site residues, altering their net charge (B) Rearrangement of the hydrophobic core (C) Change in the number of peptide bonds (D) Differences in codon usage (E) Involvement of disulfide bond formation

20. Glucocorticoids exert anti-inflammatory effects because they promote the production of _____. (A) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (B) Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) (C) Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (D) Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (E) Inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα)

21. RNA vaccine technology relies on delivery of mRNA into host cells so that the cells can _____. (A) degrade all ribosomes (B) synthesize the encoded antigen protein (C) convert the mRNA into genomic DNA automatically (D) digest plasma membrane (E) inhibit all immune signaling

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