12. A scientist makes a "hybrid" virus: it has the "skin" (protein) of Virus A but the "brains" (DNA) of Virus B. After it infects a cell and makes babies, what will the baby viruses look like?
(A) They will look like the hybrid parent (A skin, B brains).
(B) They will be 100% Virus B (B skin and B brains).
(C) They will be 100% Virus A (A skin and A brains).
(D) They will be a random mix of both.
(E) No babies will be made because the parts don't match.

13. The diversification of the wild mustard (Brassica oleracea) into distinct cultivars such as broccoli, kale, and Brussels sprouts is a classic example of intensive artificial selection. Which statement best explains the biological basis for this successful radiation? (A) The wild mustard genome contains significant heritable variation (standing genetic variation), providing the raw material for selective breeding. (B) Selective breeding induces new targeted mutations in the mustard genome to create desired shapes like florets or large leaves. (C) The high phenotypic plasticity of Brassica allows environmental factors, such as soil nitrogen, to be permanently encoded into the germline. (D) Wild mustard populations lack natural selection pressures, which allowed deleterious mutations to accumulate and create these varieties. (E) The different varieties are actually the result of horizontal gene transfer from unrelated vegetable species in the same habitat.

14. A group of mammalogists has constructed a phylogenetic tree for a specific clade based on morphological synapomorphies (bone structure). If a second phylogeny were constructed for the same taxa using the amino acid sequence of a highly conserved metabolic enzyme, what would be the most scientifically sound expectation? (A) The molecular phylogeny will likely contradict the morphological tree because proteins evolve through different mechanisms than skeletal structures. (B) The phylogenies will be largely concordant (similar), as both reflect the same underlying evolutionary history of the lineage. (C) No correlation can be expected because the rate of mutation in metabolic enzymes is independent of the rate of morphological change. (D) The enzyme sequence will be identical across all taxa because it is "highly conserved," providing no phylogenetic signal. (E) The molecular tree will be fundamentally more accurate because morphological traits are always the result of convergent evolution.

15. A small group of dark-eyed juncos was geographically isolated from their ancestral mountain population and established a new colony on the California coast. Genetic analysis shows that coastal males have significantly less white in their tail feathers (36%) than the ancestral group (45%). If this difference appeared immediately upon the establishment of the new colony, what is the most likely cause? (A) A high rate of de novo mutations occurring after the move to the coast. (B) Gene flow between the mountain and coastal populations increasing tail diversity. (C) A bottleneck effect caused by a sudden environmental disaster on the coast. (D) A founder effect, where the small initial group of birds possessed less white in their tails than the average of the source population. (E) Sexual selection by coastal females shifted the trait toward less white in less than one generation.

16. The common edible frog (Rana esculenta) is a hybrid resulting from the cross between Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. While these hybrids are widely distributed and physically robust, they exhibit "hybrid breakdown" or sterility when mating with other hybrids. Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion regarding the evolutionary relationship between the two parent species? (A) They are distinct species maintained by postzygotic isolation, as the hybrid offspring fail to produce a viable F₂ generation. (B) They are the same species because the production of a widely distributed F₁ generation proves a lack of reproductive barriers. (C) They are separated by prezygotic isolation, preventing the initial formation of zygotes in the wild. (D) The hybrids represent a new species under the Biological Species Concept because they can survive across diverse climates. (E) The two species are undergoing "reinforcement," where hybrid sterility eventually leads to the evolution of better mating calls to prevent hybridization.

17. The formation of xylem tension is not influenced by which of the following factors or components? (A) Transpiration (B) Water's cohesion (C) Water's adhesion (D) Root uptake of water (E) None of the above

18. Which of the following descriptions about mosses is not correct? (A) They are non-vascular plant species. (B) They belong to Bryophyta. (C) They grow in moist and shady places. (D) They absorb water and nutrients through true roots. (E) They exhibit a life cycle involving distinct gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

19. Which of the following descriptions about trichomes is not correct? (A) They are hair-like structures on plant surfaces. (B) They serve diverse roles, like defense against pests and reducing water loss (C) Certain trichomes create essential oils, resins, and medicinal compounds (D) They can reflect UV light (E) They are specialized outgrowths of the cortex cells.

20. Which of the following descriptions about parasitic plants is not correct? (A) They utilize a specialized organ called a haustorium to penetrate the host's tissues and establish a vascular connection. (B) They can be classified as photosynthate-active or photosynthate-limited, depending on whether they rely on photosynthate or a host for carbon. (C) They do not synchronize their lifecycle with their hosts. (D) Host defense mechanisms also play a crucial role in determining the success of parasitic plants. (E) Climbers and epiphytes are not parasitic plants.

21. Which of the following structures is unique to cardiac muscle cells? (A) Sarcomere (B) Sarcoplasmic reticulum (C) Intercalated discs (D) Formation of actin/myosin crossbridge in the presence of Ca²⁺ (E) Gap junctions

22. The nervous system and endocrine system are both essential for the coordination and control of the body. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (A) Both systems act on specific target cells, although the mechanisms differ. (B) Both respond to internal and external stimuli. (C) Both can influence each other's function. (D) Both have long-lasting effects. (E) Both systems rely exclusively on chemical signals to communicate.

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