12. Which one is NOT the adjuvant used in the FDA-approved vaccines?

(A) Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)
(B) Flagellin

(C) Aluminum hydroxide

(D) Squalene and water emulsion

(E) CpG1018

13. The primary role of complement control proteins that operate in the early stages of complement activation is to________.(A) regulate the expression of complement proteins (R)enstre that the comnents ofthe memhrae att (B) ensure that the components of the membrane-attack complex assemble in the correct sequence(C) facilitate the secretion of complement proteins to extracellular locations C) facilitate the secretion of complement nroteins to extracellular locstion(D) stabilize complement proteins, thus extending their half-lives in serum(E) ensure that C3b is deposited on appropriate surfaces

14. Which of the following is a feature of regulatory T cells (Treg)?(A) Treg predominantly expresss CD8 CD8 and and control effector cells by inducing apoptosis.(B) Treg express lowv levels ofof CD25 (IL-2 L-2 receptor alpha chain).(C) Physical association between Treg and their target cells is mandatory for Treg function.(D) Treg rely on the transcription factor RORyt (gamma t) for their development.(E) Treg secrete TGF-B (beta) and suppress effector T cell functions.

15. Which of the following statements aboutviral immune evasion mechanisms are correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) HIV infects CD4+ T cells primarily to suppress antigen presentation and strengthen adaptive immune responses. (B)Viruses generally promote dendritic cell maturation to increase MHC molecule expression and T cell activation.(C) Influenza virus evades immunity mainly through antigenic drift, which involves reassortment of genome segments between between different viral strains. (D) Hepatitis epatitis B virus interferes interferes with host innate immunity by suppressin suppressing interferon signaling pathways. (E) All viruses evade CD8+ T cell responses by eliminating MHC class I expression on infected cells.

16.Which Rothg ofthe following statements about T cell-mediated immune responses are correct? (Select all that apply.) sa ao (A) Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognize antigens dependently of MHC molecules during activation. R Antioa isnhe the Toggus (B) Antigen TCR eeognitton by the k triggers intracellular signaling through the CD3 complex. (C) Th2 cells are the primary producers of IL-17 during adaptive immune responses. (D) Activated T cells release soluble TCR molecules to mediate immune signaling. (E) CD8+ T cells are activated by antigen presented on MHC class I molecules expressed by dendritic cells.

17. Which of the following statements about T cell receptors (TCRs) and their gene rearrangement are correct?(Select all that apply.)(A) TCRs aree composed of either two polypeptide chains: a/β (alpha/beta) or y/δ (gamma/delta). (B) The variable region of the a-chain is assembled from V, D, and JI gene segments.(C) Gene rearrangement occurs at the DNA level. (D) Both a- and β-chains have approximately 10 V gene segments (E)DNA recombination isa each. (J) DNA recombination is a key mechanism that enables the immune system to recognize a vast array of antigens.

18.Which of the following statements about MHC molecules are correct? (Select all that apply.)(A) MHC class I consists of two polypeptide chains of equal length (a and β).fwo andR(B) MHC class I primarily presents endogenous (intracellular) antigens toto CD8+ T cells. (C) MHC class I is abundantly expressed on the surface of red blood cells.(D) MHC classs II binds antigens in the endoplasmic reticulum to form MHC antigen complexes. (E) MHC class Il acquires antigenic peptides through vesicular transport and lysosomal degradation pathways.

19. Which of the following statements accurately describe how memory B cells in a secondary immune response differ fom differ naïve Ba romive s cells ina primary immune response? (Selecttall all that apply.) (A) The antibodies in dies produced have higher attinity in a secondary immune response. (B) The frequency of antigen-specific B Higherlevelcite cells is lower in a secondary immune response. (C) Higher levels of IgM are produced in secondary immune responses.(D) Memory B cells can respond respond with wi reduced reduced oro non T-cell help he compar cpared to naïve B cells. (E) Memory B cells express higher levels of MHC class II molecules.

20. Which of the following statements accurately describe immunological memory? (Select all that apply.) (A)) The host retains the capacity to mount a faster and stronger secondary immune response. (B) The host can respond to a pathogenn many ma years after the primary exposure. (C) Memory T cells express higher-affinity receptors than naive T celis. (D) Memory B cells produce higher-affinity antibodies than naïve B cells. (E) Memory T cells enress CDASR A

21. Which cytokines are associated with tumor-induced suppression of the immune response? (Select all that apply.)(A) IL-12(B) IL-2(C) TGF-β(D) IL-4(E) IL-10

22.Which of the following statements about autoimmunity are correct? (Select all that apply.) (A) Aulommune diseases result from an imbalance in antigen tolerance induced by regulatory T cells.(B) Autoimmune diseases are always caused by persistent viral infections. (C) Ankylosing spondylitis (僵直性脊椎炎) is an example of an autoimmune disease. (D) High levels of IL-2 can be detected in the synovial fluid ofpatients with rheumatoid arthritis. (E) Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly targets self-antigens.

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