12. Which one of the following factors is NOT involved in RAG-dependent V( D )J rearrangement?
(A) XRCC4
(B) TdT
(C) Ku70
(D)DNA-PK
(E) AID.

13. A helper T cell response to a protein antigen requires the participation of antigen-presenting cells that express which of the following types of molecules? (A) Class II MHC and co-stimulators (B) Class I MHC and CD4 (C) Class II MHC and CD8 (D) CD4 and co-stimulators (E) Class II MHC and CD4.

14. Which of the following is NOT a required step in B and T lymphocyte development? (A) Proliferative expansion of precursor cells (B) Cell surface expression of complete antigen receptor complexes (C) Positive selection (D) Activation of precursors by foreign antigens (E) Pre-antigen receptor expression.

15. Which of the following is NOT an example of a checkpoint in lymphocyte development that contributes to the selective maturation of cells with useful antigen receptors? (A) B cell precursors that cannot express TLR die by apoptosis. (B) Developing T cells that fail to express TCR α chains die by apoptosis. (C) Developing T cells that recognize self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules with high affinity die by apoptosis. (D) Immature B cells that bind to self-antigen with high affinity die by apoptosis. (E) T cell precursors that cannot express TCR β chains die by apoptosis.

16. Which one of the following molecules is the specific transcription factor of follicular helper T (TFH) cell? (A) T-bet (B) RORyt (C) GATA-3 (D) FoxP3 (E) Bcl-6.

17. Which one of the following experimental approaches is used to reduce the expression of gene? (A) Affinity chromatography (B) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (C) ELISA (D) Flow cytometry (E) RNA interference (RNAi).

18. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation? (A) Vasodilation (B) Increased vascular permeability and edema (C) Inactivation of macrophages (D) Influx of leukocytes (E) Pain

19. The processes of clonal selection and clonal expansion occur during (A) hematopoiesis (B) innate immune responses (C) adaptive immune responses (D) self-renewal (E) memory cell development

20. The specialized cells that provide the interface between the lumen of the gut and the underlying lymphoid tissue ______. (A) make up the germinal center (B) are located in the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (C) are progenitors of monocytes (D) are called M cells (E) are specialized in killing encapsulated bacteria

21. Pattern recognition receptors ______. (A) express on the surface of pathogens (B) do not have specificity (C) are used by macrophages and neutrophils to recognize pathogens (D) are antigen-specific (E) only express on the surface of cells

22. Complements and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to uptake the organism. This phenomenon is termed ______. (A) Opsonization (B) Inflammation (C) Phagocytosis (D) Complement activation (E) Pattern recognition

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