2. In the mushroom life cycle, karyogamy occurs in a:
(A) stipe.
(B) volva.
(C) sterigma.
(D) basidium.
(E) basidiospore.

3. Which of the following statements about bryophytes is FALSE? (A) lack xylem and phloem. (B) cell walls of their water-conducting cells are suberized. (C) exhibit alternating heteromorphic generations. (D) sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on gametophyte. (E) gametophyte is usually larger than the sporophyte.

4. Microphylls differ from megaphylls in that microphylls: (A) occur in most vascular plants. (B) are associated with leaf gaps. (C) are associated with protosteles. (D) have branched veins. (E) evolved from branch systems.

5. A student examining a flower that has only stamens, petals and sepals is: (A) staminate and perfect. (B) perfect and complete. (C) perfect and incomplete. (D) imperfect and complete. (E) imperfect and incomplete.

6. In the anther of a flower, the microsporocytes divide by _____ , forming _____ (A) mitosis； haploid microsporocytes. (B) mitosis； diploid microsporocytes. (C) meiosis； haploid microspores. (D) mitosis； diploid microspores. (E) meiosis； haploid megaspores.

7. A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a(n) _____ and a _____ (A) alga； fungus. (B) fungus； root. (C) lichen； root. (D) alga； root. (E) fungus； lichen.

8. Which of the following statements about sources and sinks in assimilate movement is FALSE? (A) a plant part unable to meet its nutritional needs functions as a sink. (B) in seedlings, the cotyledons commonly act as the major sinks. (C) in mature plants, the upper leaves commonly act as sources for the shoot apex. (D) in mature plants, the lower leaves commonly act as sources for the roots. (E) developing fruits are highly competitive sinks.

9. Which of the following indicates the correct sequence of tissues through which water moves from the soil into the root? (A) root hairs, endodermis, exodermis, cortical cells, vascular cylinder. (B) root hairs, endodermis, cortical cells, vascular cylinder, exodermis. (C) exodermis, endodermis, epidermis, vascular cylinder, cortical cells. (D) epidermis, exodermis, cortical cells, endodermis, vascular cylinder. (E) epidermis, endodermis, exodermis, cortical cells, vascular cylinder.

10. Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the cohesion-tension theory? (A) a gradient of water potential exists between the stem and the root. (B) transpiration brings about a lowered water potential in the leaves. (C) water in the xylem is under tension. (D) a gradient of water potential provides the driving force for water movement. (E) root pressure is essential to the movement of water from roots to leaves.

11. Plant hormonal regulation differs from animal hormonal regulation in that _____. (A) there are no dedicated hormone-producing organs in plants while endocrine glands produce hormones in animals. (B) the transport of plant hormones is local and limited. (C) plants do not have feedback mechanisms like animals. (D) only animal hormone concentrations are developmentally regulated. (E) only animal hormones have either external or internal receptors.

12. In guard cells, _____ is the dominant osmoticum in the morning, and  _____ is the dominant osmoticum in the afternoon. (A) Cl-； sucrose. (B) malate； K+. (C) K+； malate. (D) sucrose； K+. (E) K+； sucrose.

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