2. What feature of genetic mutations can eventually lead to the evolution of new species? (A) Mutations always produce harmful effects. (B) Mutations never affect protein structure or function. (C) Mutations are not a mechanism through which biological evolution occurs. (D) Mutations produce changes in the DNA sequence of a gene.

9. Animal cells are permeable to water and urea but NOT to sucrose. Initially, the inside of a cell contains 1 M sucrose and 1 M urea and the outside 2 M sucrose and 1 M urea. After the system reaches equilibrium, what changes are observed? (A) The molarity of urea would be higher outside than inside the cell. (B) The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell. (C) Water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel. (D) The molarity of sucrose would be similar inside and outside the cell and water would move out of the cell causing the cell to shrivel.

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