22. What is the name of this compound? 
(A) Cytosine
(B) Cytidine
(C) Deoxycytidine
(D) Deoxycytidylate

23. Which group of amino acids is primarily responsible for absorbance in spectrophotometry? (A) Non-polar amino acids (B) Polar amino acids (C) Aromatic amino acids (D) Positively charged amino acids (E) Negatively charged amino acids

24. In adipose tissue, what is the primary source of glycerol 3-phosphate for triacylglycerol synthesis? (A) Direct phosphorylation of glycerol by glycerol kinase (B) Reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which originates from glycolysis (C) Degradation of phospholipids (D) Conversion of glucose to glycerol 3-phosphate via the pentose phosphate pathway

25. Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of signal transduction across the cell membrane? (A) Ion channel-linked receptors (B) G-protein coupled receptors (C) Enzyme-linked receptors (D) Nuclear receptors

26. Which of the following statements is NOT true about phosphorylation? (A) Phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification. (B) Phosphorylation always leads to a change in protein conformation and a decrease in protein charge. (C) Phosphorylation typically involves the addition of a phosphate group to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue. (D) Phosphorylation always leads to protein activation.

30. Match each feature of the plasmid pBR322 (at left) with one appropriate description presented (at right) (see illustration of pBR322 below). Descriptions may be used more than once. (5%)  _____ ampR sequence  _____ori sequence _____tetR _____BamHI sequence  _____Pstl sequence  (A) permits selection of bacteria containing the plasmid(B) a sequence required for packaging recombinant plasmids into bacteriophage(C) origin of replicatio(D) cleavage of the plasmid here does not affect antibiotic sequence resistance genes(E)insertion of foreign DNA here permits identication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids

1. The expression and transformation of genetic information is through the Central Dogma. Which of the following is the correct flow? (A) Protein-RNA-DNA (B) DNA-Protein-RNA (C) RNA-DNA-Protein (D) DNA-RNA-Protein

2. Controlled experiments are required for performing experiments. To test the toxicity of a chemical on cell viability, which of the following treatments is the most proper control treatment? The chemical is dissolved in 0.1% DMSO and added 1 µL into 3 mL of cells. (A) Add nothing to the cells. (B) Add 1 µl water to the cells. (C) Add 1 µL of 0.1% DMSO to the cells. (D) Add 1 µL of 1% DMSO to the cells.

3. Which of the following is not a nucleic acid component? (A) Nitrogenous base (B) Sugar (C) Phosphate group (D) None of the above

4. ATP has three phosphate groups which can be hydrolyzed to provide free energy. Which of the following phosphates is first hydrolyzed to make ADP? (A) α (B) β (C) γ (D) None of the above

5. Which is the following organelles is critical to the production of ATP? (A) Ribosome (B) Golgi apparatus (C) Lysosome (D) Mitochondrion

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