27. Imagine in lemmings, that gray fur color (G) is dominant over white (g). There is another gene, called color, and individuals must have at least one "C" allele for gray color to be expressed. You obtain a white lemming that is heterozygous for gray fur color. What is its genotype?
(A) ggcc
(B) GgCC
(C) Ggcc
(D) ggCc

28. In mice, the gene for insulin-like growth factor is imprinted. During embryonic development, only the paternal allele for insulin-like growth factor is expressed. This means (A) that the paternal allele is imprinted. (B) that the maternal allele is imprinted. (C) that the paternal allele is hyper-methylated. (D) that the paternal allele is mutated.

29. Future kidney cells and heart cells can differentiate into their respective specialized cell types because (A) they express a different set of genes during development. (B) they possess different genes. (C) they arise from different embryonic stem cells. (D) they express different genes and utilize different transcription factors during development.

30. If a plasmid lacks an origin of replication what will happen when it is transformed into bacteria? (A) As the bacteria divide they will lose the plasmid. (B) Bacteria containing the plasmid will not be able to grow in the presence of antibiotics. (C) There will not be regions to clone genes into the plasmid. (D) The plasmid will not be useful in producing a protein because it lacks an RNA polymerase binding site.

31.The human b-globin gene has two alleles, HS and HA, individuals that are homozygous for HS have sickle-cell anemia and a lower fitness. Individuals that are heterozygotes (HSHA)do not show sickle-cell symptoms and have a resistance to malaria. Individuals that are homozygous for HA have the highest fitness but are susceptible to malaria. In areas where malaria is prevalent the HS allele is maintained in the population. Which type of selection is occurring with the b-globin gene? (A) stabilizing (B) directional (C) disruptive (D) balanced

32. You are currently studying the behavior and physiology of a vertebrate about which little is known. Based on what you know about other vertebrates, what would you predict would be the state of this animal when it was not in the fight or flight state. (A) Energy stores such as adipose tissue and glycogen are broken down to mobilize fatty acids and glucose. (B) The heart rate increases and airways are dilated to promote maximum oxygen intake. (C) Elevations in cortisol are needed to increase glucose. (D) Leptin levels are increased to enhance appetite.

33. Which hormones counteract each other in regulating calcium homeostasis? (A) antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone (B) atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone (C) parathyroid hormone and vitamin D (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D) (D) antidiuretic hormone and parathyroid hormone

34. Most allergy medicines contain antihistamines that block the actions of histamine. These drugs reduce cold symptoms by directly (A) lysing virus-infected cells and preventing further propagation of the pathogen. (B) stimulating components of the immune system through the release of cytokines. (C) blocking or reducing the inflammation response in mucous membranes. (D) stimulating the production of specific antibodies.

35. In mammalian defenses against invading pathogens, all of these are considered nonspecific defense mechanisms EXCEPT (A) acquired immunity. (B) the skin. (C) mucous membranes. (D) the inflammatory response.

36. Most innate immune responses rely on (A) recognition of specific antigens. (B) pathogens being engulfed and destroyed. (C) plasma cells to secrete antibodies. (D) IgM antibodies.

37. A green plant is first grown in blue light and then in green light. The likely outcome for photosynthesis in both phases is (A) Increased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (B) No plant growth in blue light and increased plant growth in green light. (C) Decreased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (D) No plant growth in blue light and decreased plant growth in green light.

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