27. Which of the following RNA functions in the removal of introns from pre-RNAs.
(A) snRNA (small nuclear RNA)
(B) snoRNA (small nucleolar RNA)
(C) siRNA (small interfering RNA)
(D) miRNA (micro RNA)

28. Indicate the order in which the following steps occur in the production of a mature mRNA. (A) Initiation of transcription, splicing, addition of 5' cap, addition of polyA. tail, transport to cytoplasm (B) Initiation of transcription, addition of 5' cap, splicing, transport to cytoplasm, addition of polyA. tail, (C) Initiation of transcription, addition of polyA. tail, addition of 5′ cap, splicing, transport to cytoplasm (D) Initiation of transcription, addition of 5' cap, addition of polyA. tail, splicing, transport to cytoplasm

29. Comparing mRNA molecules from human and Escherichia coli cells, which of the following is typically NOT true? (A) A human mRNA has a special 5' cap, while a bacterial mRNA does not. (B) A human mRNA has a poly-A tail, while a bacterial mRNA does not. (C) A human mRNA undergoes alternative splicing, while a bacterial mRNA does not. (D) A human mRNA contains noncoding sequences, while a bacterial mRNA does not. (E) A typical human mRNA encodes one protein, while many bacterial mRNAs encode several different proteins.

30. In the following schematic graph of a hypothetical set of RNA-seq data, the number of reads is plotted for a region of chromosome containing two genes, from samples obtained from two different tissues. Which gene (X or Y) do you think is more likely a "housekeeping" gene? Which region (1 or 2) within gene Y most likely corresponds to an exon?  (A) Gene X; region 1 (B) Gene X; region 2 (C) Both genes; region 1 (D) Gene Y; region 1 (E) Gene Y; region 2

31. Which of the following statements about splicing is correct? (A) All of the splicing require enzymatic activity provided by proteins (B) Splicing can occur during or after transcription (C) Splicing reactions occur only in cis between splice sites on the same molecular of RNA (D) Production of rRNA requires cutting and rejoining in separate reactions

32. Which of the following is not a feature of ribosomes? (A) Cytoplasmic and organellar ribosomes of eukaryotes are identical. (B) All ribosomes have one large subunit and one small subunit. (C) All ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. (D) Ribosomes interact with both mRNA and tRNA.

33. The function of bacterial EF-Ts is to (A) Convert EF-Tu GDP to an active form. (B) Convert GTP to GDP. (C) Allow binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site of the ribosome. (D) Move the peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site. (E) Deacylate tRNAs.

34. The antibiotic puromycin inhibits protein synthesis by (A) Preventing formation of the peptide bond due to its similarity to peptidyl transferase. (B) Blocking the translocation of the ribosome. (C) Inhibiting the binding of EF-Tu to aminoacyl-tRNAS. (D) Temporarily binding to the A site and taking the polypeptide from the ribosome. (E) Preventing the association of the large and small ribosomal subunits.

35. Different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (A) may bind the same amino acid. (B) may bind the same tRNA. (C) do not appear to recognize the same features of tRNAs. (D) will always recognize both the acceptor stem and anticodon sequences of tRNAs. (E) will always recognize the complete tRNA anticodon sequence.

36. Which of the following statements about genetic code is NOT correct (A) Slippery sequences allow more than polypeptide to be coded by a single gene. (B) A nonsense suppressor mutation in a tRNA gene allows a ribosome to read through a mutant stop codon in the middle of a coding sequence. (C) Having several codons that differ in the third nucleotide position minimizes the functional effects of mutations. (D) Due to wobble pairing, a single tRNA can recognize several codons. (E) None of the above.

37. The covalent modifications of DNA that are responsible for establishing and/or maintaining epigenetic inheritance patterns include all of the following except: (A) The association with members of the Pc-G family of proteins. (B) The methylation of histone H3. (C) The acetylation of histones H3 and H4. (D) The methylation of cytosine. (E) All of the above modifications establish or maintain epigenetic inheritance patterns.

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