31. Which of the following would most likely occur if thyroid gland is removed?
(A) Increase in T3 concentration
(B) Increase in T4 concentration
(C) Increase in TSH concentration
(D) Decrease in TRH concentration

32. Which of the following statements about peptide hormones is correct? (A) Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors (B) After peptide hormones bind to their receptors, the receptors bind to DNA promoter (C) Peptide hormones bound to carrier proteins when they circulate in the blood (D) Peptide hormones have shorter half lives compared to the steroid hormones

33. Which of the following statements about cortisol is correct? (A) Cortisol is synthesized from tyrosine (B) Cortisol is synthesized in adrenal medulla (C) Cortisol is secreted in stress response (D) Cortisol causes hypotension (decrease in blood pressure)

34. Which is true following the absorption of glucose? (A) Glucose is converted to amino acids in skeletal muscle. (B) Glucose is stored as fat in skeletal muscle. (C) Glucose is stored as glycogen in skeletal muscle. (D) Glucose is used to make energy by only the brain.

35. Which of the following is the major metabolic effects of glucagon? (A) Glucagon stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver. (B) Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in the muscle. (C) Glycogen stimulates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. (D) Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver.

36. Which of the following is true about insulin? (A) Insulin increases the number of glucose transporter 4 in cell membranes (B) Insulin stimulates lipolysis in the adipocytes (C) Insulin stimulates ketone synthesis in the liver (D) Insulin is secreted by the pancreatic α cells

37. Which of the following statements about type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is correct? (A) T2DM usually occurs during patients' childhood. (B) Severe ketoacidosis is common. (C) T2DM is insulin-dependent. (D) Target tissues respond poorly to insulin in T2DM patients.

38. Which is TRUE about the resting membrane potential? (A) It could be influenced by the activity of ATPase. (B) It is chiefly contributed by voltage-gated ion channels in most physiological conditions. (C) It is determined by the concentration gradients, but not the permeability ratio, of permeating ions at rest. (D) Only excitable cells have a resting membrane potential.

39. If one increases the concentration of outside neurons, which of the followings would most likely occur in physiological conditions? (A) The neurons would be depolarized, because the equilibrium potential of would become more negative. (B) The neurons would be hyperpolarized, because the equilibrium potential of would become more negative. (C) The neurons would be depolarized, because the equilibrium potential of would become more positive. (D) The neurons would be hyperpolarized, because the equilibrium potential of would become more positive.

40. CO2 usually crosses the cell membrane (A) by active transport. (B) through a gap junction. (C) by simple diffusion. (D) CO2 cannot cross the cell membrane.

41. Which of the following is not a mechanism for movement of substances across cell membranes? (A) diffusion. (B) apoptosis. (C) facilitated diffusion. (D) endocytosis.

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