37. Which of the following conditions is not caused by a fungus?
(A) giardiasis
(B) athlete's foot
(C) candidiasis
(D) coccidioidomycosis
(E) ringworm

38. In the human genome, a variation in a single DNA base pair, such as the substitution of a cytosine ( C ) for a thymine (T), that occurs in more than 1% of the population is known as a __________. They serve as powerful molecular markers in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic predispositions to complex diseases. (A) insertion-deletion mutation (InDel) (B) haplotype block (C) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (D) copy number variant (CNV) (E) short tandem repeat (STR)

39. In humans, the primary nitrogenous waste product is __________, a compound that is much less toxic than __________ and more water-soluble than __________, allowing it to be safely transported in the bloodstream and excreted in urine. (A) uric acid; ammonia; urea (B) uric acid; urea; ammonia (C) ammonia; urea; uric acid (D) urea; ammonia; uric acid (E) urea; uric acid; ammonia

40. Which of the following statements about the inheritance of human ABO blood types is correct? (A) It is an example of polygenic inheritance. (B) There are three alleles, IA, IB, and i, for one gene locus. Hence, it does not follow Mendelian Genetics, which only considers two alleles at a single gene locus. (C) ABO blood types refer to glycolipids in the membrane of red blood cells. (D) A couple with blood type AB and blood type O, individually, is not likely to have a child with blood type AB. (E) The blood type AB follows the inheritance pattern of incomplete dominance.

41. Animals and plants can detect and respond to light. Rod cells respond to light by producing action potentials in the optic nerve. In which structure are rod cells located? (A) Iris (B) Pupil (C) Retina (D) Spinal cord (E) Crystalline lens

42. People with lactose intolerance cannot digest lactose. Lactose intolerance is due to a lack of the enzyme lactase. Which are the products of lactose digestion? (A) Fructose and galactose (B) Fructose and glucose (C) Glucose and glucose (D) Mannose and glucose (E) Galactose and glucose

43. Which of these statements correctly describes genetic engineering? (A) Only breeding from crop plants that are resistant to pests. (B) Using yeast to produce ethanol. (C) Altering the DNA in crop plants so that they are resistant to herbicides. (D) Production of insulin in the pancreas. (E) Grafting branches from one fruit tree onto another.

44. In a cross of two individuals, both of whom have genotype AaBb, what proportion of the offspring are expected to have the genotype AABB? (A) 9/16 (B) 1/8 (C) 1/16 (D) 1/4 (E) 3/16

45. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most prominent and diverse family of cell-surface receptors and are therefore targets for approximately 40% of marketed drugs. The following is a typical scenario of GPCR-mediated signaling pathway: GPCR receives extracellular signals → activated GPCR acts as a guanine nucleotide exchanger (GEF) → Galpha subunit of G protein releases GDP and binds GTP → Galpha subunit binds and activates its target enzyme upon GTP hydrolysis → a secondary messenger is generated → another protein is activated → cellular responses follow. Which of the following is a common secondary messenger used in the scenario? (A) sodium ions (Na+) (B) magnesium ions (Mg2+) (C) nitric oxide (NO) (D) guanine monophosphate (GMP) (E) cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

46. The global monitoring of influenza viruses, such as H1N1 and H5N1, is a primary focus of public health biology. Influenza viruses are classified based on two primary variables, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Which of the following statements about influenza viruses is correct? (A) Influenza viruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mainly humans. (B) H5N1 is currently classified as an avian flu that mainly infects birds and can cause severe disease in humans, but usually does not spread easily between people. (C) The "H" and "N" in H5N1 refer to the numbers of viral strains and enzymes, respectively. (D) The Influenza B virus is responsible for most influenza pandemics. (E) New influenza subtypes arise when small genetic mutations allow viral RNA segments to mix between different strains during infection of the same host cell.

47. The digestion and absorption of dietary fats require several coordinated processes in the human digestive system. Which of the following statements best describes how fats are digested and absorbed? (A) Bile salts emulsify fats into micelles within the intestinal lumen, allowing them to be absorbed directly into the intestinal capillaries. (B) Bile salts emulsify fats into chylomicrons within the intestinal lumen, allowing them to be absorbed directly into the hepatic portal vein. (C) Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells, reassembled into triglycerides, packaged into chylomicrons, and transported through lacteals before eventually entering the bloodstream. (D) Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into the intestinal capillaries and transported via the hepatic portal vein to the liver for storage. (E) Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells, reassembled into triglycerides, packaged into micelles, and transported into the intestinal capillaries.

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