38. In plant systematics, based on current evolutionary evidence, which group of green algae is considered the closest living sister group to land plants?
(A) Chlorella
(B) Charophytes
(C) Volvox
(D) Ulva

39. Bryophytes are considered the earliest plant group to colonize land evolutionarily, but they are still restricted by many environmental factors. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bryophytes? (A) Lacking true xylem and phloem. (B) Having rhizoids primarily for anchorage. (C) Having a life cycle dominated by the haploid gametophyte generation. (D) Having seeds exposed, without ovary protection.

40. In the global plant phylogenetic tree, current molecular and morphological evidence indicates that which of the following groups is the most basal living branch of angiosperms? (A) Magnolia (B) Water lily (Nymphaea) (C) Amborella trichopoda (D) Star anise (Illicium verum)

41. When plant cells undergo mitosis, one of the most significant differences from animal cells is the method of cytokinesis. Plant cells primarily complete cytokinesis through which of the following structures? (A) Contractile ring (B) Cell plate (C) Cleavage furrow (D) Centrosome pulling

42. Transgenic technology often uses reporter genes to confirm whether a target gene has been successfully transferred and expressed. In plant research, which of the following genes is most commonly used as a reporter gene and appears blue after the addition of the substrate X-Gluc? (A) GFP gene (B) GUS gene (C) Luciferase gene (D) Cas9 gene

43. When plants face anaerobic conditions (such as flooded roots), the root cells alter their respiratory metabolic pathways. During this time, intracellular pyruvate is primarily converted into which of the following substances to regenerate NAD⁺? (A) Acetyl CoA (B) Lactic acid (C) Ethanol (D) Oxaloacetate

44. Regarding succession in community ecology, which of the following situations represents "primary succession"? (A) Shrubs regrowing after a forest fire. (B) An abandoned farmland gradually transforming into a secondary forest. (C) Lichens and mosses first colonizing bare rock after a volcanic island is formed. (D) Pioneer tree species growing in a canopy gap after a typhoon blows down a large tree.

45. In the global carbon cycle, plant photosynthesis plays a key role in fixing inorganic carbon. What is the enzyme in the chloroplast responsible for catalyzing the binding of carbon dioxide to RuBP? (A) PEP carboxylase (B) Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) (C) ATP synthase (D) NADP⁺ reductase

46. During the cell cycle, in which phase does DNA replication occur? (A) G1 phase (B) S phase (C) G2 phase (D) M phase

47. The pistil of an angiosperm typically consists of three parts from top to bottom. They are, in order: (A) Anther, filament, receptacle (B) Stigma, style, ovary (C) Petal, sepal, pedicel (D) Ovule, placenta, carpel

48. Nitrogen gas (N₂) in the soil cannot be directly used by plants and must undergo nitrogen fixation. In nature, the process of converting N₂ to ammonia (NH₃) primarily relies on the participation of which of the following organisms? (A) Mycorrhizal fungi (B) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria (C) Algae in lichens (D) Digestive enzymes of carnivorous plants

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