4. Bacterial capsule can be best visualized using:
(A) Gram staining
(B) Albert's staining
(C) Simple staining
(D) Acid-fast staining
(E) Negative staining

5. Which of the following bacterial toxin can inhibit protein synthesis in the host? (A) Shiga toxin (B) Botulinum toxin (C) Tetanus toxin (D) Pertussis toxin (E) Cholera toxin

6. The most common cause of burn-derived sepsis is: (A) Escherichia coli (B) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (C) Klebsiella pneumoniae (D) Salmonella typhimurium (E) Proteus mirabilis

7. Which of the following antibiotic can block bacterial RNA synthesis? (A) Cycloserine (B) Chloramphenicol (C) Tetracycline (D) Rifampicin (E) Ampicillin

8. The major sterol in the fungal plasma membrane is ________, which is also an important target of antifungal drugs. (A) Stigmasterol (B) Cholesterol (C) Ergosterol (D) Lanosterol (E) Campesterol

9. Please choose the wrong statement regarding the nitrogen cycle mediated by bacteria. (A) Azotobacter species fix nitrogen from the air, and the product of nitrogen fixation is ammonia. (B) The anammox reaction is an aerobic process performed by bacteria in the phylum Planctomycetes, in which ammonium ion is oxidized to nitrogen gas using nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor. (C) Nitrification by bacteria is a two-step process in which ammonium is oxidized to nitrite and then to nitrate. (D) In denitrification, nitrates are reduced to nitrogen gas during anaerobic respiration. (E) Bacteria of the genera Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus convert nitrite to nitrate.

10. Which air filtration system is capable of removing 99.97% of particles? (A) Surgical mask (B) Cloth mask (C) Depth filter (D) HEPA filter (E) Membrane filter

11. The most common archaeal cell envelope structure external to the plasma membrane is the: (A) Capsule (B) Outer membrane (C) Peptidoglycan layer (D) Lipopolysaccharide layer (E) S-layer

12. Which phase of the microbial growth curve is associated with genetic diversity and evolution? (A) Lag phase (B) Exponential phase (C) Stationary phase (D) Death phase (E) Long-term stationary phase

13. Loss of the MinCDE system in E. coli would most likely lead to: (A) Elongated filamentous cells (B) Septa forming near cell poles (C) Inhibition of DNA replication (D) Defective MreB localization (E) Failure of chromosome condensation

14. Why do Gram-positive bacteria retain crystal violet dye during Gram staining? (A) Presence of an outer membrane (B) High lipid content (C) Thick, highly cross-linked peptidoglycan (D) Teichoic acid removal (E) Porin closure

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