5. Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____.
(A) bark
(B) periderm
(C) secondary phloem
(D) secondary xylem
(E) vascular cambium

6. What is the primary function of the plant hormone auxin? (A) Inhibit seed germination (B) Promote cell elongation and phototropism (C) Stimulate stomatal closure (D) Reduce transpiration (E) Activate pathogen defense mechanisms

7. In angosperm, what does double fertilization mean? (A) One sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte. (B) Every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo. (C) Flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds. (D) The pollen grain must germinate twice to produce a pollen tube. (E) Fertilization must occur both in the spring and in the fall.

8. What is a defining feature of ascomycetes that distinguishes them from other fungal groups? (A) The production of non-flagellated spores in sporangia (B) The presence of zygosporangia in sexual reproduction (C) The formation of spores in sac-like structures (D) The presence of flagellated spores in their life cycle (E) The development of fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

9. Which one is NOT involved in long-term potentiation of the brain? (A) Glutamate (B) Mg2+, Na+, Ca2+ (C) NMDA receptor (D) AMPA receptor (E) P granules

10. A mutation changes a codon from GAC to UAC in the mRNA coding region. Which of the following best describes this mutation? (A) A missense mutation (B) A nonsense mutation (C) A silent mutation (D) A frameshift mutation (E) A neutral mutation that enhances protein function

11. Which of the following statements best describes the process of hermaphroditism in animals? (A) An individual produces only male gametes during its lifetime. (B) An individual produces only female gametes during its lifetime. (C) An individual produces both male and female gametes. (D) An individual alternates between producing male and female gametes at different times. (E) An individual reproduces asexually via fragmentation.

12. Which one is NOT produced during gastrulation? (A) Ectoderm (B) Germ layers (C) Blastopore (D) Archenteron (E) Blastomeres

13. Which plant-derived medicine and their usage is NOT matched? (A) Digitalin － heart medication (B) Atropine － throat soother (C) Vinblastine － cancer therapy (D) Quinine － malaria prevention (E) Taxol － cancer therapy

14. During prophase I of meiosis, what is the primary function of the synaptonemal complex? (A) It cleaves cohesins to allow sister chromatids to separate. (B) It attaches kinetochores to the spindle fibers. (C) It prevents crossing over between sister chromatids. (D) It holds homologous chromosomes tightly together to facilitate crossing over. (E) It condenses the chromosomes before metaphase.

15. Proto-oncogenes can be over-activated by following conditions EXCEPT _____. (A) epigenetic changes (B) chromosome translocation (C) gene amplification (D) point mutation (E) transduction

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