59. Which of the following hormones could lower blood calcium level?
(A) Aldosterone
(B) Renin
(C) Calcitonin
(D) Cortisol

60. Which enzyme is responsible for the degradation of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate? (A) Glycogen synthase (B) Glycogen phosphorylase (C) Phosphoglucomutase (D) Glucose-6-phosphatase

61. Which of the following signaling pathways are mainly activated by human erythropoietin in inducing the release of reticulocytes from the bone marrow? (A) protein kinase A (PKA) (B) AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) (C) Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway (D) protein kinase C (PKC)

62. Which of the following could inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR), and then reduces the production of coagulation factors? (A) melagatran (B) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (C) heparin (D) warfarin

63. During a metabolic pathway, the accumulation of a specific intermediate inhibits the activity of the pathway's first enzyme. This type of regulation is known as: (A) Competitive inhibition, where the intermediate competes with the substrate for the active site. (B) Non-competitive inhibition, where the intermediate binds to a different site on the enzyme. (C) Feedback inhibition, where the intermediate acts as a regulator of the pathway. (D) Allosteric activation, where the intermediate enhances the enzyme's activity.

64. In the context of genetic engineering, which method allows for the precise editing of specific genes within an organism's genome? (A) CRISPR-Cas9 technology that targets and edits specific DNA sequences. (B) Traditional mutagenesis techniques that induce random mutations. (C) RNA interference to silence specific gene expression. (D) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify specific DNA segments.

65. Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive monogenic blood disorder, caused by a single point mutation in the sixth codon of the ẞ-globin gene. What is the sixth amino acid of the ẞ-globin in SCD? (A) Glutamic acid (B) Valine (C) Aspartic acid (D) Proline

66. Azidothymidine (AZT) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor that was part of the first class of antiviral drugs developed to treat HIV infection. Which of the following steps does AZT act on during the HIV infection cycle? (A) Step A (B) Step B (C) Step C (D) Step D

67. Which statements are TRUE about the following steps of an ATP cycle?  (1) ATP hydrolysis to ADP + inorganic phosphate (Pi) yields energy (2) the Pi released from ATP hydrolysis serves as an additional energy source (3) Exergonic and catabolic pathways (4) Endergonic and anabolic pathways (A) (1) and (2) (B) (3) and (4) (C) (1), (3), and (4) (D) (1), (2), and (3)

68. The menstrual cycle can be divided into four phases: ① Follicular, ② Ovulation, ③ Luteal, and ④ Menstrual. During these phases, the following endocrine changes occur: a. High estrogen and progesterone; low FSH and LH, b. Low estrogen and progesterone, c. LH surge, d. Increasing estrogen; low LH and low progesterone. Please match the correct endocrine change with each phase of the menstrual cycle. (A) ①d, ②a, ③c, ④b (B)①a, ②d, ③b, ④c (C) ①d, ②c, ③a, ④b (D) ①a, ②b, ③d, ④c

69. The process of urine formation involves the following steps: ①Active transport of sodium; water follows passively. ②Active transport of sodium; impermeable to water. ③Passively permeable to water only. ④ Passively permeable to water and urea. Please match each step to the following regions of the nephron: (A) 1a, 2c, 3b, 4e (B) 1a, 2b, 3c, 4 e (C) 1a, 2b, 3e, 4 c (D) 1b, 2a, 3e, 4 c

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