69. Of the following components of the nervous system, which is the most inclusiusive?
(A)central nervous system
(B) neuron
(C)brain
(D)spinal cord
(E) gray matter

70. Action potentials are usually propagated in only one direction along an axon because(A)ions can flow along the axon only in one direction.(B) the brief refractory period prevents opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.(C)the nodes of Ranvier conduct only in one direction.(D) the axon hillock has a higher membrane potential than the tips of the axon.(E) both sodium and potassium vollage-gated channels open in one direction.

71. Some sharks close their eyes just before they bite. Although they cannot see their prey, their bites are on target. Researchers have noted that sharks often misdirect their bites at metal objects, and they can find batteries buried under the sand of an aquarium. This evidence suggests that sharks keep track of their prey during the split second before they bite in the same way that (A) a male silkworm moth locates a mate. (B) a platypus locates its prey in a muddy river. (C) a bat can find moths in the dark. (D) a Natworm avoids light places. (E) a rattlesnake finds a mouse in its burrow.

72. The transduction of sound waves to action potentials takes place (A) as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron. (B) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter molecules that stimulate sensory neurons. (C) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes. (D) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells. (E) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds.

73. Clams and lobsters both have exoskeletons, but lobsters have much greater mobility. Why? (A) The lobster skeleton can actively contract, while the clam skeleton lacks its own contractile mechanism. (B) Clams only have adductor muscles that hold the shell closed, whereas lobsters have both abductor and adductor muscles. (C) Clams can only grow by adding to the outer edge of the shell, whereas lobsters molt and repeatedly replace their exoskeleton with a larger, more flexible one. (D) Lobsters have a jointed exoskeleton, allowing for the flexible movement of appendages and body parts at the joints. (E) The paramyosin of clam muscles holds them in a low-energy state of contraction, whereas lobster muscles are very similar to vertebrate striated muscles.

74. Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the description of its climate? (A) savanna cool temperature, precipitation uniform during the year (B) temperate deciduous forest-relatively short growing season, imild winters (C) tropical forests nearly constant photoperiod and temperature (D) temperate grasslands relatively warm winters, most rainfall in summer (E) tundra-long summers, mild winters

75. Which of the following do all terrestrial biomes have in common? (A) clear boundaries between adjacent biomes (B) annual average rainfall in excess of 25 cm (C) cold winter months (D) a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns (E) vegetation demonstrating vertical stratification

76. The nature-versus-nurture controversy centers on (A) the distinction between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior. (B) the role of genes in learning. (C) whether animals have conscious feelings or thoughts. (D) the importance of good parental care. (E) the extent to which an animal's behavior is innate or learned.

77. According to the inequality known as Hamilton's rule (rB ＞ C), (A) natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic acts when the beneficiary is an offspring than when it is a sibling. (B) natural selection would favor altruistic acts when the benefit to the receiver, reduced by the coefficient of relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. (C) natural selection could not favor altruism if the altruist loses its life. (D) kin selection is a stronger selection factor than the individual reproductive success favored by natural selection. (E) altruism must always be reciprocal.

78. Which of the following is lensi likely to involve cognition? (A) being aware of your neighbor's lawn care (B) positive rheotaxis of a fish in a current (C) optimal foraging (D) territoriality (E) navigation of a sparrow during seasonal migration

79. A uniform dispersion pattern for a population may indicate that (A) the population is spreading out and increasing its range. (B) resources are heterogeneously distributed. (C) the density of the population is low. (D) individuals of the population are competing for some resource, such as water and minerals for plants or nesting sites for animals. (E) there is an absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals.

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