7. The binding (or fusion) of vesicles to target membranes requires which of the following?
(A) signal recognition particle
(B) proteasome
(C) v-snare and t-snare interactions
(D) dynamin
(E) vesicle peptidase

8. Autophage provides a way for cells to (A) degrade entire organelles and recycle their components. (B) automatically control the level of ATP. (C) engulf bacterial cells. (D) export unwanted organelles out of the cell. (E) degrade unwanted proteins.

9. Which of the following reactions would require the hydrolysis of at least two ATP molecules for it to occur? (A) A reaction that has a G = -8 kCal. (B) A reaction that has a G = +9 kCal. (C) A reaction that has a G = -16 kCal. (D) A reaction that has a G = +18 kCal. (E) A reaction that has a G = -14.6 kCal.

10. Which of the following statements about steroid receptors is FALSE? (A) The receptors undergo a conformational change after binding the steroid. (B) The receptors are localized to the plasma membrane. (C) Once the steroid binds the receptor, the steroid/receptor complexes dimerize. (D) Steroid receptors act as transcriptional factors, regulating the expression of certain genes and the subsequent production of proteins. (E) Steroid receptors are localized to either the cytoplasm or nucleus.

11. The grass lands do not flourish if there is no animal feed on grass. Most of monocot plants are taken over by dicots. Which of the following statements is the most likely reason? (A) Monocot roots have weaker adsorption of nutrients. (B) Without animal, monocot roots expand too quickly and cause depletion of nutrients. Then, whole population will be extinct. (C) Monocot will grow too tall, and will be destroyed by typhoon. (D) Monocots are light sensitive, and need animals to protect them avoid UV irradiations. (E) Dicots have fibrous roots to compete more nutrients.

12. A plant cell with solute potential -0.65Mpa maintains a constant volume when bathed with solution that has -0.30MPa, and is in an open container. The cells has pressure potential of (A) -0.30MPa (B) 0.35MPa (C) +0.30MPa (D) +0.35MPa (E) 0MPa

13. Movement of xylem sap from roots to leaves (A) occurs through the symplast of xylem (B) results mainly from diffusion within symplast. (C) depends on active transport. (D) usually depends on tension or negative pressure potential. (E) is accomplished by aquaporins.

14. A seed develops from (A) an ovum. (B) a pollen grain. (C) an ovule. (D) an ovary. (E) an embryo.

15. Genetic variations are important for evolution. Which of following statements is true? (A) Mutations are the only way to make more genetic variations. (B) Sexual recombination increases genetic variations for all organisms. (C) Heterozygote advantage is one of mechanisms to preserve genetic variations in diploid organisms. (D) Directional natural selections increase diversity of organisms in one population. (E) Darwin applied genetic principles to explain importance of genetic variation in evolution.

16. What is the trait used to group the organisms in to a clad? (A) Derived trait (B) Homologous traits (C) Ileterologous traits (D) Sex traits (E) Unique traits

17. Two potential devices that eukaryotic cells use to regulate transcription are DNA _ and _ histone (A) methylation； amplification (B) amplification； methylation (C) acetylation； methylation (D) methylation； acetylation (E) amplification； acetylation

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