8. Exchange of genetic material between cells by direct cell-to-cell contact is called:
(A) conjugation.
(B) injection.
(C) infection.
(D) transformation.
(E) transduction.

9. Which eukaryotic RNA polymerase transcribes tRNA genes? (A) RNA polymerase I. (B) RNA polymerase II. (C) RNA polymerase III. (D) RNA polymerase IV. (E) RNA polymerase V.

10. Which of the following types of noncoding RNA mainly functions in the processing and chemical modification of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs)? (A) Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). (B) Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (C) Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). (D) Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). (E) Small rDNA-derived RNAs (srRNAs).

11. How does Rho-independent termination work? (A) RNA polymerase recognizes an RNA element (rut site) and stops transcription. (B) RNA forms a stem-loop structure that disrupts the elongation complex. (C) A poly-A signal sequence recruits poly-A polymerase and signals termination. (D) A repressor facilitates detachment of RNA polymerase from the RNA-DNA duplex. (E) RNase H hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bonds of RNA in the RNA-DNA duplex.

12. Among the three binding sites for tRNA in ribosomes, the P-site: (A) is the binding site for the aminoacylated-tRNA. (B) is the binding site for the tRNA that is released. (C) holds the tRNA linked to the growing polypeptide chain. (D) is the first location to which the t-RNA binds during the protein synthesis process. (E) moves the tRNA to the E-site when a stop codon is reached.

13. Polysome profiling involves mRNAs with different numbers of associated ribosomes separated by: (A) reverse phase chromatography. (B) ion exchange chromatography. (C) mass spectrometry. (D) sucrose gradient centrifugation. (E) sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

14. Which consensus sequence is involved in the initiation of translation in prokaryotes? (A) Shine-Dalgarno sequence. (B) Kozak sequence. (C) Okazaki sequence. (D) -35 element. (E) TATA element.

15. During the RNA editing process, deamination of cytosine results in its conversion to: (A) adenine. (B) guanine. (C) inosine. (D) thymine. (E) uracil.

16. Which region of tRNA is responsible for base pairing between tRNA and mRNA? (A) Acceptor stem. (B) Variable loop. (C) Anticodon loop. (D) D loop. (E) YU loop.

17. How does nonsense suppression work? (A) Point mutation of the nucleotide close to the nonsense codon. (B) RNA editing on the nonsense codon. (C) Insertion of a nucleotide during the gene replication. (D) Mutation of a tRNA so that it can bind with the nonsense codon. (E) Mutation of a release factor so that it cannot terminate translation.

18. What is the inducer of the lac operon and binds to the Lac repressor? (A) Lactose. (B) Glucose. (C) IPTG. (D) X-gal. (E) GABA.

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