a. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for the effect of BTX on the squid giant axon? (2%)
(A) Inactivation of Na⁺/K⁺ pump
(B) Closing of sodium channels
(C) Opening of sodium channels
(D) Opening of potassium channels

1. Which of the following events does NOT occur during light absorption in the vertebrate eye? (A) The retinal component of rhodopsin change from cis to trans form. (B) Rhodopsin, a G protein-coupled receptor, triggers a signal transduction pathway to close Na⁺ channels in the plasma membrane. (C) The light stimulus passes from rods and cones to bipolar cells and horizontal cells and then to ganglion cells, whose axons compose the optic nerve. (D) As light absorption increases, the rhodopsin response causes an increase in the release of neurotransmitter. (E) When integrating information across the retina, horizontal cells connect the rods and cones, and amacrine cells join with bipolar cells and ganglion cells

2. What is the pH at which the average net charge of the polar amino acid histidine, shown in figure 1, equal zero (the isoelectric point, pI)? (A) 9 (B) 7 (C) 5 (D) 3 (E) 1

3. Which of the following structures is NOT found in a prokaryotic cell? (A) Krebs cycle intermediates (B) Golgi Apparatus (C) extrachromosomal double-stranded DNA molecules (D) components of electron transport chain (E) ribosome

4. A neurotransmitter can trigger different responses in postsynaptic cells due to the (A) point of release. (B) receptors present. (C) concentration of neurotransmitter. (D) receptor mode of action. (E) Both B and D are correct.

5. A red blood cell is in a vehicle in the wall of small intestine of a human. How many (at least) capillary beds must this cell pass through before it is returned to the left ventricle of the heart? (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four (E) five

6. Which of the following is NOT true about helper T cells? (A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. (B) They bear surface CD4 molecules. (C) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by MHC-II molecules. (D) They are subject to infection by HIV. (E) When activated, they secrete cytokines that stimulate other lymphocytes.

7. A dog learns to come running into kitchen when it hears the electric cane opener. This response is an example of (A) operant conditioning (B) habituation (C) classical conditioning (D) sensitization (E) insight learning

8. Before myosin heads bind to a thin filament, myosin-binding sites are opened up when __ bind(s) to the thin filament. (A) Ca²⁺ (B) Na⁺ (C) K⁺ (D) neurotransmitter molecules (E) ATP

9. Which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a fundamental niche?(A) temperature limitations(B) food size and availability(C) water availability(D) competition from other species(E) population size

10. When conditions cause the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve to shift to the right, there is_________.(A) greater unloading of carbon dioxide to the tissues(B) greater unloading of oxygen in the lungs(C) greater unloading of oxygen to the tissues(D) higher pH produced by the respiring tissues(E) less carbon dioxide produced by the respiring tissues

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