(三)居中系統(mesosystem)

一、請閱讀下列來自聯合國(United Nations)於 2019 年 1 月 25 日之報導，並以中文分析此等辯論所涉及的政治學議題及其相關意涵。Climate change recognized as ‘threat multiplier’, UN Security Council debates its impacton peaceAs climate change is increasingly recognized as a “threat multiplier” by scientists, political representatives,and civil society across the world, the United Nations Security Council held an open debate on Friday to discuss its concrete impact on peace and security, and focus on tangible ways to diminish the effects of global warming.“The relationship between climate-related risks and conflict is complex and often intersects with political,social, economic and demographic factors,” said Rosemary DiCarlo, the Under-Secretary-General forPolitical and Peacebuilding Affairs in her opening remarks.“The risks associated with climate-related disasters do not represent a scenario of some distant future. They are already a reality for millions of people around the globe – and they are not going away,” she stressed. The meeting took place almost two months after 197 parties to the UN Climate Change Convention agreed to a concrete way forward on implementing the 2015 Paris Agreement – which aims to keep global warming under 1.5°C from pre-industrial levels – and ahead of the UN Secretary-General’s Climate Summit,convened for 23 September this year.Climate risk: to debate or not to debate?Whether climate change is an issue that should be examined by the UN’s peace and security body to begin with, has been the subject of controversy. Some Member States believe that this is stepping on the toes of other UN entities, specifically mandated with taking a lead on social and economic development, or environmental protection.The first ever meeting of the Security Council examining the linkages between climate change and insecurity happened in April 2007. Since then, the UN body has increasingly taken steps that effectively acknowledge that the two issues are related: in July 2011, another open debate on the matter was held; in March 2017,resolution 2349 was adopted highlighting the need to address climate-related risks in order to tackle the conflict in the Lake Chad basin; and in July 2018, a debate was held on “understanding and addressing climate-related security risks”.In a sign of how important the discussion is to many countries, the debate was attended by over 70 Member States and included statements in the Council chamber from a dozen Ministers, including Kuwait, Belgium, Indonesia, Germany and Poland.‘Keeping up with the challenge’After citing the various ways in which UN political missions, regional or country-based, are already activelyseeking ways to address climate-related security risks, Ms. DiCarlo insisted on the need to focus on threekey areas:● Developing stronger analytical capacity with integrated risk assessment frameworks.● Collecting stronger evidence base so good practices on climate risk prevention and management canbe replicated in the field.●Building and reinforcing partnerships to leverage existing capacities within and outside the UNsystem.“Most important, for all of us, is the recognition that deeds must follow words. Major armies and businesses have long recognized the need to prepare for climate-related risks, rightfully assessing climate change as a threat multiplier,” said the UN Political Affairs chief.“We cannot lag behind. We must act now, with a sense of urgency and a commitment to place people,especially those most marginalized and vulnerable, at the centre of our efforts,” she stated.The Administrator of the UN Development Programme (UNDP), Achim Steiner, also delivered remarks, by phone. An environmentalist by training, he noted that climate change is “not only affecting the atmosphere,but also the biosphere”, and that the world is “not keeping up with the challenge.”He called on the Security Council to recognize the science and empirical evidence, leverage all possiblemeasures that can slow global warming, and invest in climate adaptation and risk reduction for the millions of people already suffering from the effects of climate change.Mr. Steiner cited some of the hundreds of projects carried out by UNDP in some 140 countries, including a water management system in the Maldives, the development of a vulnerability index to facilitatepreparedness, and a financial support scheme for vulnerable households in the Caribbean. Scientists and youth to advise the CouncilFor the first time in history, the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO) was invited to brief themembers of the Security Council on climate and extreme weather issues.Professor Pavel Kabat, Chief Scientist at the WMO brought some clear scientific data to the table, to inform the debate. “Climate change has a multitude of security impacts - rolling back the gains in nutrition and access to food; heightening the risk of wildfires and exacerbating air quality challenges; increasing the potential for water conflict; leading to more internal displacement and migration,” he said. “It is increasingly regarded as a national security threat.”He noted that WMO stands ready to support the UN and Member States with “cutting-edge science” and“expert information” so informed decisions can be made.Before the floor was opened to Members of the Security Council, a youth representative and a researcher on environmental security, Lindsay Getschel, was also invited to speak.She came to the meeting with three key asks for the UN body:●A resolution officially recognizing climate change as a threat to international peace and security.● An assessment on how climate change impacts local youth (e.g., through displacement,unemployment, food insecurity, and recruitment in armed groups).●A reduction of reliance on fossil fuel energy in UN missions worldwide and a commitment 50 percent of energy used to be from renewable sources by 2025, with regular reporting to theSecretary-General to monitor progress.She finished by reminding those present in the room that many across the world “do not have the luxury to not care about this issue,” and called on world leaders to “live up to their words.”

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(三)居中系統(mesosystem)

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