(a) random assignment (4 points)；

(b) matching by holding the variable(s) constant (4 points)；

(c) matching by building the extraneous variable(s) into the research design (4 points). 

Psychological Testing4. Please compare the traditional and contemporary perspective on validity. (16 points)

5. There are three major approaches to development of objective personality tests, please illustrate the criterion-keyed method. (9 points)

6. In some studies, more than two raters are used. For example, there are four raters independently rate the creativity of 50 individuals. Ratings are made on a 20-points scale. Explain how to express the inter-rater agreement in this situation. (8 points) 

Statistics7. Professer Yang conducted an independent-measures study and obtained the following data. Is there evidence for a treatment effect? Test with α= 0.05 two tails. (10 points)

8. The following data are from an experiment examining the phenomenon of encoding specificity. According to the psychological principle, recall of information will be best if the testing conditions are the same as the conditions that existed at the time of learning. Do these data (20 subjects) indicate that the size of the lecture room and/or testing room has a significant effect on test performance? (α= 0.05) (13 points)

9. Complete the following table base on the data which shows IQ predicting GPA. Interpret the results. (α= 0.05) (10 points)Total

1. 約 1000 年前の遺跡が発掘された。

2. のどにイワカンをおぼえて病院に行った。

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