五、最大心跳率預估公式為何?(2分)請詳述長期的耐力訓練(chronic endurance exercise training)對心血管系統的改變(心跳、心搏量、血壓、耗氧量)(18分)

一、心得50%美國林務署2020/12/162020年施政成果新聞稿,以200字以上說明関讀心得。 https://www.fs.usda.gov/news/releases/usda-forest-service-reflects-challenges-and-triumphs-2020 Despite challenges posed by the pandemic. the USDA Forest Service today announced it surpassed goals and set records in 2020. "2020 was a challenging year, with record wildland fire activity and the COVID- 19 pandemic. Throughout the Forest Service, we have risen above these challenges and set our minds, hands and hearts to carrying out our mission to meet the needs of the communities we serve." said Forest Service Chief Vicki Christiansen.The Forest Service relied on its strong science, innovation and partnerships to overcome this year's challenges as the agency found new solutions to serve the public during a time of unprecedented need. Creating bealthy, productive forests and supporting rural economies In 2020. the Porest Service provided jobs and stability for local economies through a year of historic timber production, selling more than 3.2 billion board feet of timber. the second highest level in 20 years. The agency also improved forest conditions and reduced wildfire risk on over 2.65 million acres. removing hazardous fuels like dead and downed trees, and combating disease, insect and invasive species infestations. The Forest Service undertook a suite of regulatory reforms to meet the goals of the Secretarial Memorandunn to the Chief of the Forest Service modernize and align agency directives with new legislative authorities and reduce regulatory burdens. By the end of December 2020. the Forest Service will have nearly completed all guidance to inplement new legislative authorities in the 2018 Farm Bill. In addition, Forest officials quickly began implementing President Trump's Great American Outdoors Act to increase access to national forests and grasslands and make progress towards reducing the agency's$5 billion infrastructure backlog. Managing wildfire, and providing for bealth and safety The Forest Service was successful in prioritizing carly suppression of wildfire ignitions while facing a record-breaking fire year, with the most acres burned on national forests since 1910. The agency's modeling research on how COVID-19 may spread between firefighters or in communities during response efforts led to new interagency safety protocols to better support fire camp management. The protocols not only successfully minimized the spread of COVID-19 among the agency's 10,000 firefighters, but early learning suggests the safety measures resulted in additional health benefits to fire crews, reducing ailments common in fire camps, which translated to a healthier and more resilient firefighting workforce available to protect lives, homes, and communities threatened by wildfire. Sharing stewardship responsibilities and being better neighbors The Forest Service made significant strides toward Shared Stewardship this year, working more closely than ever with Tribes, States. and local partners to make sure the right work happens in the right place at the right time. So far. 44 states and territories are now involved in a Stewardship Agreement. The agreements aliow the Forest Service to employ the latest tools and share decision making on the highest priorities to improve forest conditions across broad landscapes. These new agreements have resuited in increasing resiliency of forests. protection of communities and reduction of wildfire risks. They have also produced jobs and stabilize economies. Increasing access and improving recreation experiencesThis year, Americans sought out their public lands in tremendous numbers, finding relief in the Great Outdoors, showing us once again how pubic lands unite our nation. In response, the Forest Service generated solutions to ensure visitors had every opportuniy to safely use and enjoy their national forests and grasslands during the pandemic. The Forest Service welcomed record-breaking numbers of visitors, many of whom were first time users, with 95% expressing satisfaction with their experiences. "Next year, we will continue to build on these successes to improve conditions on America's national forests and grasslands to ensure they are more resilient and more productive." adided Chief Christiansen. We will keep building on the partnerships that make these successes possible and commit to increasing access to better connect people to their natural resources, so these national treasures endure for generations to come."

二、英翻中(25%)閱讀下列文章翻譯成中文,不必逐字翻譯,但務求不失重要意涵。(取材自WIKI百科) Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems. Such ecosystems include, for example, agroecosystems. forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. These ecosystems, functioning in healthy relationship, offer such things like natural pollination of crops, clean air, extreme weather mitigation, human mental and physical well-being. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as 'ecosystem services', and are often integral to the provisioning of clean drinking water, the decomposition of wastes, and resilience and productivity of food ecosystems. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s popularized this concept. There, ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and discase, se; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and oxygen production; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being valuated in order to draw equivalent comparisons to human engineered infrastructure and services.

三、中翻英(25%):請將下列中文翻成英文,無須逐字翻譯,但務求不失重要意涵(引自林華慶,2019) 林務局身為森林與保育的主管機關,大步跨出國有林事業區,連結淺山到海岸的各類生態體系以建構生態網络, 確保森林與各類生態系的服務價值,並公平、充分地將森林生態系服務價值衍生的權益舆保育紅利分享給各類權益關係人。

1. Passage Analysis (20%) Please identify the text of the following passage, conduct a close textual analysis. and discuss its significance in relation to the concerns and ideologies of its own time. Passage: ''It happened long ago–I remember it still- I was hew wn at the holt's end stirred from my stock. Strong foes seized me there, worked in me an awful spectacle, ordered me to heave up their criminals. Those warriors bore me on their shoulders until they set me down upon a mountain. Enemies enough fastened me there. I saw then the Lord of Mankind hasten with much courage, willing to mount up upon me. (28-34) "There I dared not go beyond the Lord's word to bow or burst apart---then I saw the corners of the carth tremor-I could have felled all those foemen, nevertheless I stood fast. (35-38) "The young warrior stripped himself then--that was God Almighty– strong and firm of purpose---he climbed up onto the high gallows, magnificent in the sight of many. Then he wished to redeem mankind. I quaked when the warrior embraced me– yet I dared not bow to the ground, collapse to eartbly regions, but I had to stand there firm. The rood was reared. I heaved the mighty king, the Lord of Heaven--I dared not topple or recl. (39-45) "They skewered me with dark nails, wounds casily seen upon me, treacherous strokes yawning open. I dared injure none of them. They shamed us both together. I was besplattered with blood, sluicing out from the man's side, after launching forth his soul. (46-49) "'Many vicious deeds have I endured on that hillㅡ I saw the God of Hosts racked in agony. Darkness had covered over with clouds the corpse of the Sovereign, shadows oppressed the brightest splendor, black under breakers. All of creation wept, mourning the king's fall– Christ was upon the cross. (50-56)

2. Essay(30%)        English literature has bcen known to interact with history, Choose ONE historical event from the following list and discuss how this historical event shaped the literature produced in its aftermath or how literature responded to the event. Discuss the relationship between history and literature. Demonstrate how an understanding of historical contexts assists the reading of texts. You must discuss at least TWO primary texts written by British authors. Organize your essay in a well-written manner. In addition to an introduction and a conclusion, your essay should contain at least two body paragraphs, each controlled by a topic sentence. Please pay attention to grammar, diction, sentence construction, and the legibility of your handwriting. To ensure utmost fairness, if you write more than ONE essay or choose more than ONE historical event, only the first will be graded. A. The Reformation B. The Union of the Crowns, 1603 C. The English Civil Wars D. The Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis E. The Restoration, 1660 F. The Glorious Revolution, 1688/9 G. War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 H. The worsening economic conditions in Ireland in the 1720s I.The French Revolution, 1789

(a) Identify the full name of the poem's author.

(b) Explain preciscly what lines 6-8 mean: "its sculptor well those passions read / Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things, / The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed." Be sure to clarify the relationships among all the elements.

(c) Write a textual interpretation in which you analyze the narrative structure, formal characteristics, major themes, and other significant features of the poem. 9 And on the pedestal these words appear. 10 'My name is Ozymandias, king of kings;

4. Write an essay on the subjeet below. (25%) The modernist scholar Daniel Albright makes the following observation on William Butler Yeats and his successors: Yeats reminded [Auden and Eliot] that poetry is incantation, spell, charm - an art dedicated not to correctness but to power. Auden and Eliot were suspicious of the poet's archaic and magical aspect - Auden once wrote that the purpose of poetry is "by telling the truth, to disenchant and disintoxicate." But it is impossible to disenchant without some prior enchantment... The long tradition of British pocts, from the savage bards who could make trees walk by casting spells, to the refined sorcery of Yeats, may find its complement and antidote in the later Modernism of Eliot and Auden. Wiite an essay in which you apply Albright's critical insights to the work of W. B. Yeats, W. H. Auden, and T. S. Eliot. Other figures in the British modernist period may also be considered, though not required. Provide specific examples froun specific texts to illustrate your points.

1. More of Kenya's agricultural markets' surplus goes to traders than to farmers.

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