五、水對作物之重要性與功能為何？（5 分）在作物生理學中以水勢（water potential）、 滲透勢（osmotic potential）、壓力勢（pressure potential）與基質勢（matric potential） 等名詞來說明作物細胞內外水分子之移動，請說明這些名詞所代表的意義及其間之關 聯性。（15 分）

一、依美國土壤分類法（Soil Taxonomy），臺灣農地土壤主要分類為新成土（Entisols） 及弱育土（Inceptisols），請說明兩土綱之主要特性及其差異為何？依美國土壤分類 法，臺灣台地之紅黃壤主要分類為淋溶土（Alfisols），而台地之紅壤主要分類為極 育土（Ultisols），請說明兩土綱之主要特性及其差異為何？（20 分）

二、影響土壤中各養份離子或重金屬在土壤中之溶解（solubility）及移動（movement） 之主要土壤性質為何？試申論之。（20 分）

三、要瞭解某一區域（300 公尺 × 300 公尺）之土壤肥力等級或受某些重金屬污染等級 之嚴重性，試說明有那些土壤採樣技術（soil sampling techniques）可作為調查結果 之依據？又利用何種技術或模式，可依調查結果來評估其肥力等級分布或重金屬濃 度等級之分布？（20 分）

四、要評估土壤中微量元素（如銅、鋅）或受重金屬（如鎘、鉛）污染之元素之生物有 效性濃度（bioavailable concentration），常使用土壤速測法（soil testing）以評估作 物對元素之吸收濃度，試寫出三種常用之土壤元素生物有效性萃取溶液及其濃度， 並說明為何其適用之理由。（20 分）

⑴鎘污染區施用石灰；

⑵鉛污染區 施用大量磷酸鹽；

⑶重金屬污染區施用鹽酸酸洗。（20 分

一、 WASHINGTON (AP) — Remember biology class where you learned that children inherit one copy of a gene from mom and a second from dad? There's a twist: Some of those genes arrive switched off, so there is no backup if the other copy goes bad, making you more vulnerable to disorders from obesity to cancer.                Duke University scientists now have identified these "silenced genes," creating the first map of this unique group of about 200 genes believed to play a profound role in people's health.        More intriguing, the work marks an important step in studying how our environment — food, stress, pollution — interacts with genes to help determine why some people get sick and others do not.

二、 U.S. Senator Trent Lott’s sudden decision to retire from public office has Washington’s lobbying industry salivating at the prospect that the Mississippi lawmaker may join the millionaire’s row on K Street. That’s where more and more congressional alumni have been hanging their backslapper’s shingle to lobby old buddies. Mr. Lott’s planned departure — conveniently ahead of the new two-year wait before a retired senator can lobby — is shedding light on Capitol Hill’s quasi-aristocracy of ex-incumbents who never return home and stay close by to work politics from its more lucrative shadow world.          By last count, the lobbying ranks include 37 former senators and 158 graduates of the House, with fresh enlistments expected from the dozens of current members planning to quit before the expected watershed election next year.         It’s important to shine a light on lobbying, more than to belabor this inevitable calling. The Senate, in fact, voted to require more lobbyist disclosure this year and to double its one-year moratorium before alumni can lobby.

三、 A decade ago, James A. Thomson was the first to isolate human embryonic stem cells. Last week, he announced one of the great scientific breakthroughs since the discovery of DNA: an embryo-free way to produce genetically matched stem cells.        Even a scientist who cares not a whit about the morality of embryo destruction will adopt this technique because it is so simple and powerful.        The embryonic stem cell debate is over. This allows a bit of reflection on the storm that has raged ever since the August 2001 announcement of President Bush's stem cell policy. The verdict is clear: Rarely has a president — so vilified for a moral stance — been so thoroughly vindicated.

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