10. 一般的塑膠依其性質的不同，可分________及熱硬性塑膠等兩大類。

1. The complexities of translation. Match the terms in Column A with theirdescriptions in Column (B)Column A1. Shine-Dalgarno sequence2. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)3. Signal sequenceColumn Вa. A sequence in prokaryotic mRNA that helps position the ribosome on the mRNA for translation.b. A sequence in mRNA that allows translation initiation without the need for a. 5'. cap.c. A sequence at the N-terminus of a protein that directs it to a specific location in the cell.

2. In eukaryotic organisms, different types of transcription regulatory regions are present on DNA. Please explain the differences between proximal promoter elements, enhancers and insulators.

3. Describe the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assay and its purpose.

4. List the enzyme involved in amino acid activation and its substrates in the process of aminoacylation.

(A) Please describe two examples of the applications. (2pts)

(B) If a tag is planned to be added to the C-terminus of a protein, please elucidate two most important considerations for targeting the gene segment,which encodes for the tag, to the gene of interest. (4pts)

1.A novel coronavirus, SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is believed to be the etiologic agent of the outbreak of new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To prevent the spreading and infection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is encouraged to wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds. It is known that the envelope of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is composed of a lipid bilayer. Why washing your hands with soap can destroy the SARS-CoV-2 virus? (2%)

2. As a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands. Does this involve endocytosis or exocytosis? Explain. (4%)

3. You are studying cells that normally respond to epidermal growth factor (EGF) by increasing their rate of cell division. You measure the cell division rate in the normal cells and the cells where a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Ras has been knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA). When the two types of cells are exposed to the same concentration of EGF, what differences in response to EGF do you expect? Explain your answer. (4%)

4.Acetylcholine-gated cation channels do not discriminate between Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions, allowing all to pass through them freely. So why is it that when acetylcholine binds to this protein in the plasma membrane of muscle cells, the channel opens and there is a large net influx of primarily Na+ ions? (5%)

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