15. Please give the definition of evolution and describe how it works. (10 points)

16. Please draw a phylogenetic tree, illustrating the relationships among Oncorbynchus masou (known as masu salmon), Latimeria chalumnae (West Indian Ocean coelacanth), and yourself, Homo sapiens (human). Explain why. (10 points)

17. Please describe Red Queen Hypothesis and explain how it works. (10 points)

(a) isothermal compression (10%) and

(b) isentropic compression (15%).

(a) the mass fow rate of the steam (10%),

(b) the exit velocity (10%), and

(c) the flow work per unit mass (5%). At 150 kPa, we know that the specific volume for saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor are vf= 0.001053 m3/kg and vg= 1.1594 m3/kg, respectively. The internal energy for saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor are uf= 466.97 kJikg and ug= 2519.2 kJfkg, respectively. The enthalpy for saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor are hf = 467.13 kJkg and hg = 2693.1 k.I/kg, respectively.

(a)The most effective (also idealized) engine is operated under a Carnot cycle, which consists four processes: (1) Heat addition to the medium at a temperature, TH, (2) Isentropic expansion of the medium to a lower temperature, TL; (3) Heat rejection from the medium at temperature TL; and (4) Isentropic compression of the medium back to temperature TH. Plot the T-s (termperature-entropy) diagram and p-v (pressure-volume) diagram of the process, and derive the thermal efficiency. Discuss the assumptions made in the model. (15%)

(b) For the four-stroke spark-ignition cngines employed in cars as shown in the figure below, Otto cycle is a more realistic model, with the heat addition and rejection processes at constant temperature in the Carnot cycie replaced by processes at constant volume Cheat addition at yolume TDC and heat rejection at volume BDC). Plot the T-s diagram and p-y diagram of the process for the "simplified (simpler than that shown below)" Otto cycle, and derive the thermal eficiency. Discuss the assumptions made in the Otto cycle, and the differences in efficiencies between the Carnot and Otto cycles. (15%)

(a) Derive the so-called Maxwell relations: (10%)

115年 - [無官方正解]115 國立臺灣大學_ 碩士班招生考試試題：生態與演化生物學#137650

110年 - 110 國立臺灣大學_碩士班招生考系所_生命科學研究所:生態與演化生物學#101257