16. 放射性廢棄物處置多重障壁係包括那些？
答：

17. 針對核能電廠放射性廢棄物管制工作，主要目的為何？答：

 (a) The Nernst equation relates the _____ potential of an electrochemical reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) to the electrode potential, temperature, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing reduction and oxidation.

(b) The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to calculate the pH ofthe buffer solution based on the concentrations of the acid and of a _____ of its _____ base in the solution.

(c) In polarography, the Ilkovic equation relates the _____ current and the concentration of the depolarizer, which is the substance reduced or oxidized at the _____ mercury electrode.

(d) In cyclic voltammetry, the Randles-Ševčík equation describes the effect of scan _____ on the peak _____ .

(e) The _____ law equation relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is travelling.

(f) The Debye-Hückel Limiting Law equation enables one to determine the activity coefficients ofions in a solution of very _____ jonic _____ based on their _____ .

(g) The van Deemter equation relates the _____ per unit length of a separation column to the linear mobile phase _____ by considering physical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties of a separation.

III. Analytical calculations and concepts 9. Assume that the conjugate base, X. of an acid can react simultaneously with , forming 1:1 complexes that exhibit absorption maxima at 255 nm and 620 nm, respectively. Their molar absorptivity (L/mol-cm) values are as follows: A solution sample of 10.0 mL containing was obtained. It was treated with an excess of and no ions other than  absorb at 255 nm and 620 nm. Following the treatment, the solution is diluted to 100.0 mL before conducting spectroscopic measurements. The measurements display an absorbance of 0.600 at 255 nm and 0.350 at 620 nm when measured in a 1.00-cm cell. (a) Calculate the molar concentrations of + in the sample. (b) The spectrophotometric measurements are often limited by the indeterminate errors associated with the spectrophotometer used. A detailed theoreticaland experimental study showed that the errors on the precision of concentration measurements fall into three categories: (1)independent of T, (2) proportional to the square root of T2+T, and (3) proportional to T. (i) Discuss the main sources of error andtheir relations to the quality and components of spectrophotometers. (ii) Sketch with proper labels a plot of relative concentration error vs. absorbance for the three categories of error and state how absorbance is affected. (10%)

10. Each electroanalytical method (such as potentiometry, coulometry, and voltammetry) is by itself a group of techniques available from changes in experimental configuration and/or component. For example, there are two basic categories of coulometric techniques: potentiostatic coulometry and coulometric titration. (a) Select two out of the three electrochemical methods (i.e., potentiometry, coulometry, and voltammetry) mentioned above and name one technique for each of the two. (b) For each technique you named in (a), sketch (with       proper labeling       of each component - Pay attention to the fact that a component may have different names in different electroanalytical methods) the related experimental setup and describe (i) the electrical observables measured, (ii) the preferred experimental condition, and (iii) the operation/working principle, and then draw a representative plot (with proper labeling) produced from analyzing a chemical species of your interest using the named technique. (14%)

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