3. 請用硬幣與骰子設計一個簡易的遊戲，透過遊戲讓同學體會並了解天擇( natural selection)與漂變( genetic drift)兩種不同的演化機制對族群造成的影響。需說明此遊戲的形式是以個人、分組或全班的模式執行，並清楚說明遊戲規則、預期結果與結果所要帶給學生的背後含意。

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蝦皮:警察法規白話解題

詳解 #6421270

2025/05/15

這個遊戲使用硬幣和骰子來模擬天擇和基因...

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4. 小分子核糖核酸(micro-RNA)相關研究近年來蓬勃發展，試解釋 micro-RNA 如何影響細胞的生理活性(2 分)，並以論文摘要的主旨(如附)或相關知識為題幹仿照現行分科測驗的模式設計一個單選題與一個多選題，需附上答案與詳解。Among different age groups, middle-aged individuals are particularly susceptible to obesity, with a 22% higher risk of all-cause mortality. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we identify adipose progenitor cells (APCs) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of middle-aged subjects as potential causes of midlife obesity. Specifically, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from APCs display an impaired ability to mitigate the inflammaging of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) in middle-aged individuals. Mechanistically, these EVs, lacking miR-145-5p, fail to suppress the expression of L-selectin in ATMs, thereby facilitating their M1 program via the NF-κB signaling pathway. In contrast, EVs from young APCs effectively inhibit M1 macrophage polarization. Accordingly, targeted liposomes are designed to deliver miR-145-5p mimics to ATMs, which effectively prevent the obesity in middle-aged mice. Collectively, our findings highlight the role of APC-derived EVs in midlife obesity and propose miR-145-5p as a promising therapeutic target for clinical applications.(摘自 Zhou, Q., Gao, J., Wu, G. et al. Adipose progenitor cell-derived extracellular vesicles suppress macrophage M1 program to alleviate midlife obesity. Nat Commun 16,2743 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57444-y) 翻譯：obesity 肥胖症／adipose progenitor cells 脂肪前驅幹細胞／mitigate 緩解／facilitating 促進／M1 macrophage polarization M1 型巨噬細胞極化，與發炎反應有關

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