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中譯英的句型與語意轉換

科目:高普考/三四等/高員級◆英文|題數:0
中譯英的句型與語意轉換
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建立於 2026年10月28日

學習重點 先找出主詞、動詞與受詞,再處理修飾語。中文長句可以拆成數個完整英文句,也可以用關係子句或分詞片語合併。 先判斷句子的邏輯關係(目的、原因、結果、讓步、條件、對比),再選擇正確的連接詞,避免連接詞重複。 掌握祈使句、比較句、被動語態與並列結構,依英文習慣轉換句構,不要逐字翻譯。 數字、時間、否定範圍與語氣強度要忠於原文,並用代名詞與轉折詞串連篇章。 核心觀念 一、句構重組:先立骨架,再加修飾 中文常先交代背景,英文則要先建立明確的主句。「由於……」可用 because、as 加子句,或 because of、due to 加名詞。抽象事物也能當主詞,例如: differences plague/hinder dialogue(差異困擾、阻礙對話) Fundamental differences in opinion, arising from conflicting ideologies, ...(「由於相互矛盾的意識形態」可改成分詞片語修飾主詞) 「想修復雕像,但苦於經費短缺」可寫成 wants to restore the statues in the park but is hampered by a lack of funds。 長修飾語可以改用關係子句或分詞,例如 gasoline refined from crude oil extracted from underground、foreign white-collar workers living in Taiwan。「預期在 2025 年接近八十億的人口」可寫成 a population expected to reach nearly eight billion by 2025。這裡用被動分詞 expected,因為人口是「被預估」,不是主動去預期。 前句整件事導致的結果,可用「, which leads to ...」承接,例如 People from different cultures have different values and norms, which leads to cultural conflicts. 中文省略的主詞必須補出。「也殷切期望……給予我們指正與鼓勵」的主詞是機關本身,應寫成 We also sincerely hope that the public will offer us timely criticism and encouragement ...,不要讓前句的 efficiency 誤成為 hope 的主詞。「效率的良窳與民眾息息相關」可寫成 How efficient Customs is directly affects everyone in the country. 「A 的意義在於 B」用 lie in 加名詞或動名詞,例如 The meaning of life lies in creating ...; the purpose of living lies in improving ...。注意「生命」用 life,「生活」視語境用 living 或 lives,兩句要對稱。 二、目的、條件與祈使句 功能句型與用法 目的to/in order to/so as to 加原形動詞;so that 加主詞,再接 can、may、will 等助動詞。 主詞補語表目的The main purpose of ... is to ensure that ...(「主要目的是……」,to 後接原形動詞)。 避免某事To avoid delays, ...;avoid 後接名詞或動名詞。 條件If 加主詞加現在式,主句可用祈使句,例如 If you are indoors, take cover under sturdy furniture. 勸告、指示以原形動詞開頭,例如 Make time、Turn off、Listen carefully、Stay away from、Pull over。 目的不定詞放在句首時,其隱含的執行者要和主句主詞一致。例如 To feed a population ..., the world needs to double food production,餵飽人口的是 the world。To prepare for growing demand, controllers must ...,則表示管制人員採取行動以因應需求。如果目的子句另有主詞,改用 so that 較清楚。 「確保」用 ensure that 或 make sure that。「不在手提行李內,也沒有隨身攜帶」要涵蓋兩處,可寫成 ensure that there are no prohibited items in their carry-on baggage or on their person。「盡量」依語境用 try to 或 as ... as possible;「盡快」用 as quickly as possible。「遠離」用 stay/keep away from,「掩護」用 take cover under,「停車」用 pull over and stop,「避開」用 avoid。 三、原因、讓步、結果與篇章銜接 「雖然……但……」寫成 Although ..., ... 或 ..., but ...,兩者擇一,不要同時用 although 和 but。「這並不表示……」用 This does not mean (that) ...,「放棄努力」用 give up。 「因此」可用 therefore、thus、as a result。「因此也是……的關鍵」可寫成 ... and therefore the key to success and prosperity。「原因很簡單」可寫成 for a simple reason: ...,冒號後接說明。「進而影響」可用 thus/in turn affect,呈現一層接一層的因果鏈。 報導與研究常用的轉述句型: A study that analyzed ... found that ...(研究發現) Experts estimate that ...(專家估計) The school added/said that ...(機構補充說明) According to a recent survey, ... 或 A recently released survey shows that ...(根據調查) The Minister of Finance stated at a press conference that ...; she added that ...(部長於記者會指出、並表示) 同一段中的「但是、此外、再加上、例如」可分別用 however、in addition、moreover、for example。 代名詞與名詞要指涉清楚。「長榮海運貨櫃船」是 an Evergreen Marine container ship,船名是 the Ever Given,船與公司不可混為一談。「擱淺」用 run aground,過去式為 ran aground。「運河堵住六天」寫 the canal remained blocked for six days;「無法繞行」寫 other ships could not get around/bypass it;後句可用 The blockage ... 承接整個事件。「世界上最繁忙的路線之一」寫 one of the busiest trade routes in the world,one of 後接最高級加複數名詞。 四、比較、否定與語意強度 「比……更……」用比較級加 than,例如 men are more narcissistic than women、more likely to exploit others、face greater resistance than natural scientists。其他常見寫法: 「跟以往比起」:than before 或 compared with the past 「越來越大的占比」:an increasing/ever-larger share of consumer spending 「方便多了」:much/far more convenient than shopping in stores。比較級前用 much、far 加強,不能用 very。 「幾乎不能做實驗、不能精確評斷、不能控制」可以讓一個 hardly 管三個並列動詞:They can hardly conduct experiments, accurately evaluate the results, or control the surrounding conditions. 否定句中並列項用 or,不用 and。「幾乎不能」不等於完全不能。「面對人,而非無生物」用 deal with people rather than inanimate objects。 「你完全猜不出」可寫成 You would never guess that my sister can perfectly imitate the voice of that famous singer. 格言「不疑處有疑、有疑處不疑」宜採對稱句構,例如 In scholarship, one should question what seems unquestionable; in dealing with people, one should trust even where there is doubt. 後半要表達信任他人,不要逐字套用 doubt 而扭曲原意。「繼起之生命」要呈現生命延續、代代相承的意涵,如 succeeding generations of life。 「只要每天十五分鐘的運動」是強調運動量少,宜寫成 the benefits of just fifteen minutes of exercise a day,不必硬譯成條件句。「不是可靠的減重方法」不等於「運動毫無益處」,翻譯時不可擴大否定範圍。 五、並列、介系詞與常用搭配 並列的項目要詞性一致。例如「降低、改善、減少」寫成 include reducing ..., improving ..., and lowering ...。「安全、有序且快速地」中的 orderly 是形容詞,不能直接當副詞並列,可寫成 safely, efficiently, and in an orderly manner。「研究、教學及學習自由」可並列為 freedom of research, freedom of teaching, and freedom of learning。 中文語意英文搭配 習慣依照……行事be accustomed/used to acting according to ... 未考慮……可能以相反觀點詮釋without considering that ... may interpret his or her behavior from an opposite perspective 充分利用既有設施make the most of existing facilities 對……感到滿意be satisfied with ... 為有需要人士和露宿者提供短期住所provide short-term accommodation for people in need and street sleepers 提供諮詢及輔導服務offer advisory and counseling services 協助覓得長期居所help them find long-term housing 以有意義、從容的方式互動interact with ... in a meaningful, unhurried way 全神貫注於某人give someone your undivided attention 堅守原則adhere to the principles of non-violence and peace 扭轉或牽制……趨勢reverse or contain the powerful trend of ... 其他常用搭配: 「影響」:affect 加受詞,或 have a significant impact on ... 「降低對企業及個人的衝擊」:reduce the impact on businesses and individuals 「逐步實施」:be implemented gradually/in phases 「是否於部分區域課徵奢侈稅」:whether to impose a luxury tax in certain areas 「無特定立場」:have no particular position on ... 「成為讓人憂慮的原因」:become a cause for concern for ... 「從負面轉為正面、從破壞性轉為建設性」:transform ... from negative to positive and from destructive to constructive 「重拾尊嚴、回復仁慈本性」:regain human dignity, restore our original kind nature 「加倍生產食物」:double food production;「改善糧食分配」:improve food distribution 六、數量、時態與專業用語 數量: 四分之一:one quarter/a quarter;四分之三:three quarters 十五億:1.5 billion;八十億:eight billion 四十七萬五千多人:more than 475,000 people 百分之二十:20 percent(percent 不加 s) 「三十年的數據」:thirty years of data 「在各年齡層與世代都一致」:consistent across age groups and generations 「數以百萬」用 millions of;明確數字後的 million、billion 不加 s 時態:已完成且與現在相關的措施用現在完成式,例如 Security measures at the airport have been strengthened。「近年被大量運用」寫 have been widely used in recent years。「已經變成」寫 has become。歷史事件用過去式,例如 ran aground、remained blocked、had a major impact。題目中對未來人口的估計,要保留原文的預測語氣與年份。 專業用語: 能源:替代能源 alternative energy sources,可再生資源 renewable resources;風力、水力、太陽能為 wind, hydroelectric, and solar power。 建築:綠建築 green building,顯著範例 a notable example;台北市立圖書館北投分館為 the Beitou Branch of Taipei Public Library。 調查:白領外籍人士 foreign white-collar workers,受訪者 respondents,產品包裝上的雙語標示 bilingual labeling on product packaging。 機關:海關為 Customs;全年無休、二十四小時服務可寫 provide services 24 hours a day, 365 days a year。 航空:飛航管制 air traffic control,飛航管制人員 air traffic controllers,空中交通 air traffic。 研究機構:紐約州立大學水牛城分校管理學院為 the School of Management at the University at Buffalo, the State University of New York。 法律語境:講學自由為 freedom of teaching,學術自由為 academic freedom,制度性保障為 institutional guarantee。句構可寫成 The provision on freedom of teaching in Article 11 of the Constitution constitutes an institutional guarantee of academic freedom; with respect to university education, it should include freedom of research, freedom of teaching, and freedom of learning. 照原文層次翻譯即可,不自行增補法律內容。 常考陷阱 連接詞重複或錯用:避免 because ... so ... 與 although ... but ...。however 不能只靠逗號連接兩個完整句子,要用句號或分號。 「除了……之外」誤譯:表示「加上」用 in addition to 或 besides;表示「排除」才用 except。能源題的意思是在汽油之外還有替代能源,應用 in addition to。 詞性與介系詞:be used to/be accustomed to 後接名詞或動名詞;listen to someone、interact with people、be satisfied with,介系詞不能漏。 並列失衡:不可把 to reduce 和 improving 混在同一組;double ... and improve ... 兩個動作也要平行。否定句中的並列項用 or。 範圍與數一致:「少數機關之一」寫 one of the few government agencies that provide ...,one of 後接複數名詞,關係子句動詞與複數先行詞一致。「只有兩成」的 only 要緊接所限定的比例,寫成 only 20 percent of respondents。 垂懸修飾:句首的 To ...、Compared with ...、Arising from ... 等片語,其邏輯主詞必須是主句主詞。 資訊漏譯:零售環境艱困、網購占比上升、商品選擇更多、易於比價、比上街購物方便,是五項不同資訊,要分別譯出。社會科學家「做實驗、評斷結果、控制條件」三項,以及「人與無生物」的對比,也都要保留。 直譯失真:「可自動更新的資源」在能源語境指 renewable;「消費主力」宜譯為 consumer spending 或 market share;「待人有疑處不疑」意思是信任他人,不是懷疑他人。 記憶口訣 先骨架,後修飾;辨邏輯,一連接;齊並列,查數字,守語氣。 下筆前先確定「誰做了什麼」;寫完再檢查五件事:否定範圍、比較對象、代名詞指涉、時態,以及數字與單複數是否忠於原文。

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