複選題
6. The biosynthesis of_______ intermediates?
(A) Pro,
(B) Tyr,
(C) His,
(D) Phe,
(E) Lys. is connected to purine biosynthesis by common

7. HMG-CoA reductase is the key regulatory site in cholesterol synthesis. Which of the following statement about the regulatory mechanisms of HMG-CoA reductase is TRUE? (A) Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent kinase activates HMG-CoA reductase, (B) A high AMP:ATP ratio leads to activation of HMG-CoA reductase, (C) High cholesterol level increases the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase, (D) High cholesterol level increases HMG-CoA reductase gene expression, (E) HMG-CoA reductase phosphatase can activate HMG-CoA reductase.

8. What is the net ATP yield from the complete oxidation of one myristate to CO2 and H2O? (A) 106, (B) 94, (C) 92, (D) 108, (E) 120.

9. How does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate regulate gluconeogenesis? (A) It inhibits phosphofructokinase to stimulate gluconeogenesis, (B) It inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase to reduce gluconeogenesis, (C) It activates Pyruvate kinase to reduce gluconeogenesis, (D) It activates phosphofructokinase to stimulate gluconeogenesis, (E) It activates pyruvate carboxylase to stimulate gluconeogenesis.

10. Acetate units for fatty acid synthesis are activated by formation of _______.(A)Malonyl-CoA, (B) Acetyl-CoA, (C) Butyryl-CoA, (D) Malonyl-CoA and Acetyl-CoA, (E) Acetyl-CoA and Butyryl-CoA.

11. Which of the following statement about the mitochondrial electron transport chain is TRUE? (A) Complex I transfers electrons from FADH2 to ubiquinone, (B) The Q cycle mediated by Complex II reduces cytochrome c, (C) A single catalytic cycle of Complex III transports four protons from the intermembrane space to the matrix, (D) Complex IV uses electrons from cytochrome c to reduce O2 to H2O, (E) Electrons move from more positive to more negative reduction potentials.

12. In the TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), which enzyme catalyzes the formation of GTP? (A) succinyl-CoA synthetase, (B) nucleoside diphosphate kinase, (C) succinate dehydrogenase, (D)alpha-ketoglutarate debydrogenase, (E) malate dehydrogenase.

13. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-determining enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. How is this enzyme regulated? (A)Activated by NADPH, (B) Activated by fatty acyl CoA, (C) Activated by NADP+, (D) Activated by ribose, (E) Activated by ADP.

14. Fatty acids are activated for β-oxidation by the hydrolysis of_______. (A) UTP to UMP, (B) UTP to UDP, (C) CTP to CMP, (D) ATP to AMP, (E) ATP to ADP.

15. Which of the following cofactor is used to transfer one-carbon units such as methyl, formyl, and methenyl groups? (A) Biotin, (B) Thiamine pyrophosphate, (C) Lipoamide, (D) FAD, (E) Tetrahydrofolate.

16. Which of the following sugar is a ketose? (A)ribose, (B) maltose, (C) glucose, (D) galactose, (E) fructose.

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