1. The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the internal environment?
(A) gastrointestinal system
(B) respiratory system
(C) cardiovascular system
(D) urinary system
(E) gastrointestinal and urinary systems

2. ______ is a polysaccharide found in animal cells, whereas ______ is a polysaccharide found in plants that can be degraded by humans. (A) Galactose : starch (B) Glycogen : starch (C) Glycogen : cellulose (D) Lactose : starch (E) Galactose : cellulose

3. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the following reaction: $$\text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \leftrightarrow \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3$$, then $$\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3$$ dissociates reversibly to form $$\text{H}^+ + \text{HCO}_3^-$$ When tissue becomes more active, carbon dioxide increases due to its production in ______, causing hydrogen ion concentration to ______. (A) the cytosol : increase (B) the cytosol : decrease (C) mitochondria : increase (D) mitochondria : decrease (E) both the cytosol and mitochondria : decrease

4. A beaker with a membrane is separating two solutions, initially of equal volumes. The solution on side A is 100 mM KCl while the solution on side B is 150 mM sucrose. The membrane is not permeable to ions or carbohydrates. In what way will the water move? (A) down its concentration gradient from side B to side A (B) down its concentration gradient from side A to side B (C) In osmosis, water moves against its concentration gradient. (D) As sucrose dissociates, it creates more individual molecules in solution and is therefore the higher concentration gradient. (E) There is no movement of water.

5. Identify the two enzymes involved in converting tyrosine into dopamine. (A) dopamine β-hydroxylase and propeptide (B) cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase (C) tyrosine β hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase (D) andenylate cyclase and phospholipase C (E) cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone

6. What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone? (A) prolactin (B) growth hormone (C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (D) follicle stimulating hormone (E) luteinizing hormone

7. What type of ion channels in the membrane of neurons allows ions to move across the membrane at rest and thereby contribute to resting membrane potential? (A) voltage-gated channels (B) resting channels (C) potential-gated channels (D) leak channels (E) ligand-gated channels

8. What happens to the resting membrane potential of -70 mV when potassium channels close? (A) repolarization (B) hyperpolarization (C) depolarization (D) returns to -70 mV (E) membrane stabilization

9. Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system create the blood-brain barrier, thereby restricting what type of movement of molecules into the brain? (A) active transport of (B) transcytosis of (C) facilitated diffusion of hydrophobic (D) diffusion of lipophilic (E) diffusion of hydrophilic 

10. Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes?(A) microvascular injury(B) retinopathy(C) hypertension(D) cardiomyopathy(E) renal failure

11. What is the graded change in membrane potential that occurs at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle called?(A) inhibitory postsynaptic potential(B) end-plate potential(C) muscarinic potential(D) adrenergic potential(E) action potential

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