12. Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base linked to a sugar by a:
(A) a-anhydride bond,
(B) β-ester bond,
(C) α-N-amide bond,
(D) β-N-acetal (glycosidic) bond,
(E) a-N-hemiacetal bond.

31. Nucleotides have a nitrogenous base linked to a sugar by a: (A) α-anhydride bond, (B) β-ester bond, (C) α-N-amide bond, (D) B-N-acetal (glycosidic) bond, (E) α-N-hemiacetal bond.

13. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found principally in the nucleus, but it also occurs in _____ and in _____ . (A) ribosomes； mitochondria, (B) mitochondria； chloroplasts, (C) chloroplasts； peroxisomes, (D) peroxisomes； vacuoles, (E) vacuoles； mitochondria.

14. In passive diffusion, the transported species moves across the membrane in the _____ favored direction _____. (A) kinetically； using a transport protein, (B) kinetically； without a specific transport system/molecule, (C) thermodynamically； using a transport protein, (D) thermodynamically； without a specific transport system/molecule, (E) none of the above.

15. A plot of 1/V vs. 1/[S] for an enzyme catalyzed reaction gave a line with an equation of y = 0.5x +0.2. The same enzyme with an inhibitor present gave a line with an equation of y = 1.0x + 0.4. Which of the following statements is true? (A) the type of inhibition is competitive, (B) the type of inhibition is noncompetitive, (C) the type of inhibition is uncompetitive, (D) the Km with the inhibitor present has decreased.

16. Which of the following is true regarding the Briggs and Haldane steady state assumption? (A) It is defined by the equation E + S←→ ES ←→ E + P, (B) It states the rate of enzyme-substrate complex formation differs from the rate of enzyme-substrate disappearance, (C) The concentration of the enzyme-substrate complex reaches a constant value even in a dynamic system, (D) The enzyme-substrate complex will always dissociate to form E + P, (E) The total amount of enzyme is variable, depending on the amount of substrate available.

17. Enzymes have active sites which have the greatest complementarity to the: (A) substrate, (B) transition state, (C) product, (D) both substrate and product, (E) none of the above.

18. Because the enzymatic reaction rate is determined by the difference in energy between ES and _____ , the tighter binding of the substrate, the _____ the rate of reaction. (A) S； higher, (B) P； lower, (C) EX‡； lower, (D) EX‡； higher, (E) S； lower.

19. The catalytic mechanism below is an example of: (A) covalent nucleophilic catalysis, (B) covalent electrophilic catalysis, (C) specific base catalysis, (D) general base catalysis, (E) low barrier hydrogen bond catalysis. 

20. Proinsulin is converted into insulin by: (A) proteolytic excision of a specific peptide, (B) allosteric binding of glucose, (C) phosphorylation to the active form, (D) removal of phosphate by converter enzymes, (E) none of the above.

21. All are characteristic of allosteric enzymes EXCEPT: (A) Effectors may show stimulatory or inhibitory activity, (B) They have multiple subunits, (C) They obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics, (D) The regulatory effect is by altering conformation and interaction of subunits, (E) Binding one subunit impacts binding of substrate to other subunits.

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