14. The starting materials necessary to synthesize sphinogosine are
(A) palmitoyl CoA and serine
(B) acetyl CoA and glycine
(C) palmitoyl CoA and aspartate
(D) acetyl CoA and glutamine

35. The starting materials necessary to synthesize sphingosine are (A) palmitoyl CoA and serine. (B) acetyl CoA and glycine. (C) palmitoyl CoA and aspartate. (D) acetyl CoA and glutamine.

15. Acetyl CoA is transported from the mitochondria to the cytosol for lipid synthesis by forming? (A) Malate (B) Pyruvate (C) Oxaloacetate (D) Citrate

16. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a commonly used detergent for protein extraction in proteomic researches. After trypsin digestion, which of the following materials/conditions may effectively remove SDS from the peptide mixture and make the sample more compatible with mass spectrometric analysis? (A) reverse phase resins, pH 3.0 (B) anion exchange resins, pH 8.0 (C) cation exchange resins, pH 3.0 (D) anion exchange resins, pH 3.0

17. Amino acids are precursors of many nitrogen-containing biomolecules. Which molecule     does not   use arginine as a precursor for synthesis? (A) nitric oxide (B) y -aminobutyrate (C) spermine (D) creatine

18. Which of the following molecules is involved in turning on genes encoding proteins for ẞ-oxidation and for energy dissipation through uncoupling of mitochondria? (A) PPARa (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) (B) PPARY (C) PPARS (D) none of the above

19. The plasma concentration of which molecule is least affected after starvation for several days? (A) glucose (B) fatty acid (C) acetoacetate (D) cortisol

20. An integral (intrinsic) membrane protein can be extracted with: (A) a buffer of alkaline or acid pH. (B) a solution of high ionic strength. (C) a chelating agent that removes divalent cations. (D) a solution containing detergent.

21. Movement of water across membranes is facilitated by proteins called: (A) aquaporins. (B) selectins. (C) hydropermeases. (D) transportins.

22. Which technique separates proteins on the basis of density? (A) Gel filtration (B) SDS PAGE (C) Ammonium sulfate precipitation (D) Equilibrium centrifugation

23. The compound beta-mercaptoethanol is the most commonly used reducing agent in SDS-PAGE buffers. What is its function in PAGE? (A) organic solvent helps denature the proteins (B) breaking of disulfide bonds to help protein unfold (C) breaks amide bonds to generate peptide "fingerprint" (D) cleaves modifying groups on proteins; e.g., phosphate, myristate, acetate

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