15. What is the pH value of the predominant lysine structure, in which the carboxylic acid is deprotonated to give a net charge of +1?

(A) pH 2
(B) pH 5
(C) pH 9
(D) pH 10

16. Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase) catalyzes the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, ultimately leading to the production of CTP. How does CTP regulate the activity of ATCase? (A) Positive homotropic effector (B) Negative heterotropic effector (C) Competitive enzyme inhibitor (D) Positive heterotropic effector

17. Ni-NTA Agarose is a nickel-charged affinity resin commonly used in protein purification. It has the highest affinity toward which type of amino acid side chain? (A) Hydrophobic side chains (B) Aromatic side chains (C) Negatively charged side chains (D) Histidine side chains

18. The Seahorse XFe Analyzer measures the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) as a key parameter in metabolic studies. What does the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) indicate in cellular metabolism? (A) The rate of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (B) The rate of glucose uptake by glycolysis (C) The rate of ATP production exclusively from glycolysis (D) The rate of carbon dioxide production during cellular respiration

19. Which of the following statements is true regarding the composition of all sphingolipids? (A) All sphingolipids are made of ceramide, a sphingosine backbone with a fatty acid attached. (B) Sphingolipids contain a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. (C) Sphingolipids do not contain fatty acids. (D) All sphingolipids are made of phospholipids and cholesterol.

20. What is the primary source of glycerol in the human body? (A) Degradation of triglycerides in adipose tissue (B) Synthesis from glucose in the liver (C) Conversion from amino acids in muscle tissue (D) Absorption from dietary fat

21. Which of the following is correct about key differences between DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis? (A) DNA synthesis requires a primer, whereas RNA synthesis does not (B) RNA synthesis is more accurate than DNA synthesis (C) RNA synthesis occurs only during cell division, whereas DNA synthesis is continuous (D) During DNA replication, only a portion of the genome is synthesized.

22. What is the name of this compound?  (A) Cytosine (B) Cytidine (C) Deoxycytidine (D) Deoxycytidylate

23. Which group of amino acids is primarily responsible for absorbance in spectrophotometry? (A) Non-polar amino acids (B) Polar amino acids (C) Aromatic amino acids (D) Positively charged amino acids (E) Negatively charged amino acids

24. In adipose tissue, what is the primary source of glycerol 3-phosphate for triacylglycerol synthesis? (A) Direct phosphorylation of glycerol by glycerol kinase (B) Reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which originates from glycolysis (C) Degradation of phospholipids (D) Conversion of glucose to glycerol 3-phosphate via the pentose phosphate pathway

25. Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of signal transduction across the cell membrane? (A) Ion channel-linked receptors (B) G-protein coupled receptors (C) Enzyme-linked receptors (D) Nuclear receptors

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