17. Why has it been so difficult for researchers to develop effective antivirals for HIV?
(A) due to the damaged helper T cells that are targets for HIV
(B) because the virus is able to produce DNA as an intermediate in viral replication
(C) because HIV has a high mutation rate
(D) because HIV is a sexually transmitted viral disease
(E) because evolution favors a rapidly expanding viral population

18. A person with AB blood illustrates the principle of (A) incomplete dominance. (B) codominance. (C)pleiotropy. (D) blending inheritance. (E) polygenic inheritance.

19.Which of the following is a part of the immune system? (A) endocrine system (B) bone marrow (C) pancreas (D) liver (E) lungs

20. Which of the following statements regarding viral diseases is false? (A) Very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great. (B) AIDS was around for decades before becoming a widespread epidemic. (C) RNA viruses tend to have an unusually high rate of mutation because their RNA genomes cannot be corrected by proofreading. (D) Some new viral diseases arise as a result of a mutation of existing viruses. (E) New viral diseases often emerge when a virus infects a new host species.

21. Heating inactivates enzymes by (A) breaking the covalent bonds that hold the molecule together. (B) changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape. (C) causing enzyme molecules to stick together. (D) removing phosphate groups from the enzyme. (E) inducing the addition of amino acids.

22. Most animals are (A) substrate feeders. (B) suspension feeders. (C) fluid feeders. (D) parasites. (E) bulk feeders.

23. Mouse lung cells are much more active metabolically than frog lung cells. What is the consequence of this? (A) There is a salt imbalance in the frog. (B) The frog must eat insects for energy. (C) The mouse can survive longer and colder winters. (D) The mouse lung cells must have a large cell surface area. (E) The internal environment ofthe frog fluctuates significantly.

24. Which of the following hormones causes glucose release and, consequently, a rise in the concentration of sugar in the blood? (A) glucagon (B) calcitonin (C) insulin (D) oxytocin (E) melatonin

25. The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because (A) stem cells make different antigen receptors depending on the invading microorganism. (B) lymphocytes are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection. (C) stem cells determine which type of B and T cells to make. (D) the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen. (E) stem cells are able to change their antigen specificity as required to fight infection.

26. Which of the following scientists critically influenced Darwin's view on the nature of population growth? (A) Cuvier (B) Malthus (C) Lyell (D) Hutton (E) Wallace

27. The bíological species concept classifies a species based on (A) morphological characteristics (B) reproductive isolation (C) the niche the organism occupies in the environment (D) genetic relationships between an organism and its ancestor (E) both a and b

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