18. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis can provide information on:
(A) gene transcription
(B) enzyme cascades
(C) protein-protein interaction
(D) gated ion channels

19. Which of the following statements about allosteric effectors is correct? (A) typically bind to the enzyme's active site (B) typically bind at a site unique from the active site (C) bind to the substrate rather than the enzyme (D) only bind to the enzyme-substrate complex

20. What happens when a protein is denatured? (A) its primary structure is disrupted but its tertiary structure remains intact (B) its secondary structure is disrupted but its primary structure remains intact (C) it becomes a-helix and β-sheet (D) it becomes all a-helix

21. The biological function of adhesion receptor is major in: (A) cell cycle regulation (B) protein translation (C) cellular mobility (D) open the ion channel

22. A student prepared two trypsin solutions in plastic micro-centrifuge tubes (0.6 mL Eppendorf tube): 1 µg/µL and 1 ng/µL, respectively. He kept the solutions on ice and took small aliquots for activity assay at various time points. He found that the activities of both solutions dropped significantly over time. What reasons may cause the decay of enzyme activity? (A) 1 µg/µL: autolysis, 1 ng/µL: adsorption (B) 1 µg/µL: adsorption, 1 ng/µL: autolysis (C) 1 µg/µL: cleaved by other contaminated proteases, 1 ng/µL: autolysis (D) 1 µg/µL: autolysis, 1 ng/µL: cleaved by other contaminated proteases

23. One-carbon transfer reactions usually involve in the biosynthesis of nitrogen containing biomolecules. Which of the following biosynthesis reactions does not involve one-carbon transfer? (A) serine → glycine (B) methionine → homocysteine (C) dUMP → dTMP (D) UTP → CTP

24. Which of the following ingredients in the beverages may encourage a greater thirst and need for water when running the marathon? (A) carbohydrates (B) amino acids (C) vitamins (D) pure water

25. Which two amino acids participate in the urea cycle directly? (A) arginine and aspartate (B) aspartate and alanine (C) alanine and glutmate (D) asparagine and arginine

26. D-amino acids exist in various kinds of foods and cannot be used for protein synthesis in humans. What enzyme is responsible for catabolizing these D-amino acids in humans? What L-amino acid may also be a substrate for this enzyme? (A) D-amino acid dehydrogenase, glutamate (B) D-amino acid transaminase, glycine (C) D-amino acid reductase, glutamate (D) D-amino acid oxidase, glycine

27. Which of the following is true of glycogen synthesis and breakdown? (A) Phosphorylation activates the enzyme responsible for breakdown, and inactivates the synthetic enzyme. (B) Synthesis is catalyzed by the same enzyme that catalyzes breakdown. (C) The glycogen molecule "grows" at its reducing end. (D) The immediate product of glycogen breakdown is free glucose.

28. Which of the following is not true for the pentose phosphate pathway? (A) It provides NADH for biosynthesis and detoxication. (B) It produces ribose-5-phosphate. (C) It operates mostly in the liver and adipose cells. (D) Deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase can cause 蠶豆症.

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