19 1949 年四個日内瓦公約的共同第 3 條，確立在非國際性武裝衝突的情形下，衝突之各方對不實際 參與戰鬥人員應給予之人道待遇。下列何者非共同第 3 條具體提及之內容？
(A)禁止劫持作為人質
(B)禁止強迫遷移
(C)禁止未經公正審判而判處刑罰
(D)公正的人道團體得向衝突各方提供服務的權利

20 關於與國際環境保護相關的公約規範，下列敘述何者錯誤？ (A)《控制危險廢物越境轉移及其處置巴塞爾公約》 （Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal）完全禁止廢棄物跨國移轉 (B)《防止海洋油污染國際公約》（International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil）限制有害物質的排放 (C)依據《生物多樣性公約》 （Convention on Biological Diversity） ，可否取得遺傳資源的決定權屬於 國家政府 (D)《巴黎協定》採國家自主貢獻方式，減量降低溫室氣體的排放

1 Regarding the relationships between "international law" and "domestic law", which of the following descriptions is NOT correct? (A) In theory, the relationships between "international law" and "domestic law" usually refer to the two approaches between "dualism" and "monism". (B) Article 141 of the R.O.C. Constitution provides that, "the foreign policy of the Republic of China shall... respect treaties and the Charter of the United Nations, ..." (C) A State may use its domestic laws or deficiencies in its legislative process as justifications for breaching its obligations under international law. (D) Whether international law is directly applicable by a national court is largely dependent on its national Constitution, legislations and court decisions.

2 According to the definition of "treaties" under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which of the followings is NOT a treaty? (A) Kyoto Protocol. (B) Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. (C) Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. (D) Shimonoseki Treaty.

3 What does the term "pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt" mean? (A) Agreements must be kept. (B) Consent is the only way to bind States. (C) A treaty binds the parties and only the parties; it does not create obligations for a third State. (D) A fundamental and unforeseen change of circumstances.

4 Which of the following statements concerning "Non-intervention of internal affairs" is NOT correct? (A) The basic rule of international law expresses that a State has no right to encroach upon another State's internal affairs. (B) The enforcement measures taken according to Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations may be applied to matters which are within the domestic jurisdiction of a given State. (C) Under the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations, in principle, may not intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of a given State. (D) The Charter of the United Nations requires the Member States submit all disputes to the International Court of Justice for settlement.

5 Regarding "State Succession" under international law, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) The 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties is more controversial than the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. (B) The 1978 Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Treaties is a result of codification on the principle of State Succession. (C) The International Law Commission passed the Vienna Convention on the Succession of States in Respect of Property, Archives and Debts in 1983, but this convention has not entered into force. (D) State succession is predicated, among others, on temporary changes resulting from belligerent occupation.

6 Which of the following statements concerning "human rights" is correct? (A) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights does not include people's right of self-determination. (B) Article 1 of the Charter of United Nations stipulates that its purpose is to achieve international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all. (C) The International Bill of Human Rights consists of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. (D) Human rights matters fall within the domestic jurisdiction of a State, and have no relevance under international law.

7 Which of the following regions is NOT regulated by multilateral conventions? (A) Seabed, ocean floor, and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. (B) Antarctica. (C) Geocenter. (D) Suez Canal.

8 Under Article 39 of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), regarding the duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage, which one of the following descriptions is NOT correct? (A) Ships and aircraft shall proceed without delay through or over the strait. (B) Ships and aircraft shall refrain from any threat or use of force against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of States bordering the strait. (C) Ships and aircraft shall refrain from any activities other than those incident to their normal modes of continuous and expeditious transit unless rendered necessary by force majeure or by distress. (D) Ships and aircraft may carry out any research or survey activities.

9 Which of the following statements regarding archipelagic waters is NOT correct under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea? (A) An archipelagic State shall respect existing submarine cables, laid by other States and passing through its waters without making a landfall. (B) An archipelagic State shall recognize traditional fishing rights of the immediately adjacent neighboring States in certain areas falling within archipelagic waters. (C) In general, ships of all States enjoy the right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters. (D) Aircrafts have no right of passage over archipelagic waters.

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