19. What is the process of DNA synthesis using an RNA template called?
(A) Replication
(B) Translation
(C) Reverse transcription
(D) Splicing
(E) Transcription

20. Which chromatin feature is most strongly associated with euchromatin? (A) High levels of DNA methylation (B) Enrichment of H3K9me3 (C) Enrichment of HP1 protein (D) Dense packing and late replication timing (E) Open chromatin structure with histone acetylation

21.Which ofthe following is NOT required for a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a thermophilic DNA polymerase? (A) A DNA template (B) ATP (C) A primer (D) Four 2'-deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) or their analogues (E) Magnesium or manganese ions

22. Which of the following best describes the function of telomerase? (A) Repairs DNA double-strand breaks (B) Methylates cytosines in CpG islands (C) Removes RNA primers during replication (D) Introduces negative supercoils into DNA (E) Extends telomeres using an RNA template

23. Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of tRNA molecules and certain small RNAs in the eukaryotic nucleus? (A) AMV reverse transcriptase (B) RNA polymerase I (C) RNA polymerase II (D) RNA polymerase IШ (E) T7 RNA polymerase

24. In which of the following situations does the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) occur naturally? (A) During replication of mitochondrial DNA (B) When a thermophilic bacterium replicates its DNA (C) During replication of HIV (D) In ancient DNA (E) None of the above

25. Which of the following statements about the CRISPR-Cas9 system is TRUE? (A) Cas9 recognizes target DNA solely by binding to histones. (B) Guide RNA provides sequence specificity for DNA cleavage. (C) CRISPR-Cas9 сan only be used in bacterial cells. (D) DNA repair after Cas9 cleavage always occurs by homologous recombination. (E) CRISPR-Cas9 does not require any specific sequence motif near the target site.

26. Which of the following statements is FALSE? (A) Proteins in a mixture may be separated analytically in polyacrylamide gels as negatively charged complexes with the detergent SDS. Complexes are resolved roughly according to their molecular mass/size. (B) In a Western blot, you transfer protein from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane, then visualize a specific protein on the membrane with a specific reagent such as an antibody. (C) In a Northern blot, you transfer RNA from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane, then visualize a specific RNA on the (D) In a Southern blot, you transfer DNA from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane, then visualize a DNA by its hybridization to a labelled DNA probe. (E) Double-stranded DNA fragments of different sizes can be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis.

27. In human cells, which of the following is NOT a sequence-specific DNA element where transcription factors bind to regulate gene expression? (A) A Shine-Dalgarno sequence (B) A TATA box (C) An enhancer (D) A kappa B element (KB element) (E) An AP-1 site (e.g. ATGAGTCAА)

28. Which of the following statements about DNA replication is FALSE? (A) DNA synthesis occurs in the 5'→ 3' direction. (B) RNA primers are required to initiate DNA synthesis. (C) Okazaki fragments are synthesized on the leading strand. (D) DNA ligase joins adjacent DNA fragments. (E) DNA polymerases require a template strand.

1. Which property of phospholipids is most directly responsible for the formation of biological membranes? (A) Their ability to form hydrogen bonds (B) Their amphipathic nature (C) Their negative charge (D) Their high molecular weight

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