2. The following phylogeny shows six living species (a-f) and five ancestral (now extinct) species (1-5). If the phylogeny had been developed on the basis of similarities in bone structure, which of the following predictions would you make in terms of the structure of a particular enzyme?

(A) The enzymes of species b and f are very similar.

(B) The enzymes of species b and c are more similar to ancestor 4 than to ancestor 2.

(C) The enzymes of species a and b are the same as that of ancestor 2.

(D) The enzyme of species c is very similar to that of species d.

3. Carolus Linnaeus believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Which of the following concepts are inconsistent with Linnaeus's model of classification? (A) a hierarchical classification scheme (B) taxonomy (C) phylogenies (D) nested, increasingly inclusive categories of organisms

4. Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? (A) male gametophyte (B) female gametophyte (C) male sporophyte (D) female sporophyte

5. The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence? (A) cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants (B) cyanobacteria → green algae → fungi → land plants (C) red algae → brown algae → green algae → land plants (D) cyanobacteria → red algae → green algae → land plants

6. An animal cell that lacks carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which of the following functions? (A) transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient (B) cell-cell recognition (C) attaching the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton (D) establishing a diffusion barrier to charged molecules

7. Poliovirus is an RNA virus of the picornavirus group, which uses its RNA as mRNA. The RNA genome has a 5' RNA cap instead of a 5' methyl-G cap. This is followed by a non-translated leader sequence and then a single long protein-coding region (~7,000 nucleotides) followed by a poly-A tail. Infected cells were incubated with radioactive amino acids and viral proteins were isolated. After a short incubation with radioactive amino acids only very long viral proteins were seen, while longer periods of labeling result in several short polypeptides of different lengths. Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the results described? (A) Host cell ribosomes translate the viral coding region and poly-A tail at different times resulting in the different populations of proteins. (B) The RNA is first translated into a single long protein, which is then cleaved into shorter ones. (C) The RNA is translated into short polypeptides, which are then assembled into large complexes. (D) The large radioactive polypeptides are coded by the host, whereas the short ones are coded by the virus.

8. Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects, variously, the very cells that synthesize it in the testis, the neighboring cells, and distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of __. (A) a neurohormone signal, a neuroendocrine signal, and an exocrine product (B) a paracrine signal, a synaptic signal, and an exocrine product (C) an autocrine signal, a neuroendocrine signal, and a synaptic signal (D) an autocrine signal, a paracrine signal, and an endocrine signal

9. Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of developmental milestones in chordates? (A) blastula → gastrula → cleavage (B) cleavage → gastrula → blastula (C) cleavage → blastula → gastrula (D) gastrula → blastula → cleavage

10. Long-term potentiation is required for which of the following functions? (A) elimination of memories, especially after trauma (B) integration of the somatosensory and motor systems (C) the integration of sight and sound into memories (D) memory storage and learning

11. Which of the following describes a way that some birds can navigate on an overcast night with solid cloud cover? (A) by detecting ultraviolet light from stars that penetrates the cloud cover (B) by detecting the Earth's rotation (C) by detecting the magnetic field of the Earth (D) by following rivers and major highways

12. The following question is based on the figure below. In the diagram above, the dark "dots" represent axillary buds. Which diagram illustrates a compound leaf? (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) both II and III

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