20. Because the is near 7, ____________________ side-chains are often involved in general acid-base catalysis:
(A) cysteine,
(B) aspartate,
(C) glutamate,
(D) lysine,
(E) histidine.

21. Which statement below about contrasting Hb and Mb is FALSE? (A) Hb shows sigmoidal, whereas Mb shows hyperbolic oxygen saturation curves, (B) Hb shows cooperativity, whereas Mb does not, (C) Hb binds O2 more tightly than Mb, (D) Oxygen binds to a ferrous ion in both proteins, (E) Hb-oxygen binding is dependent on physiological changes in pH, whereas Mb-oxygen binding is not.

22. The major tissues carrying out gluconeogenesis are the ____ and ____. (A) brain； muscles, (B) muscles； kidneys, (C) liver； kidneys, (D) liver； red blood cells, (E) red blood cells； brain.

23. Insulin in the bloodstream is a response to increased blood glucose, and: (A) stimulates gluconeogenesis. (B) inhibits glycolysis. (C) stimulates glycogen synthesis in muscle and liver. (D) stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver. (E) inhibits phosphoprotein phosphatase-1.

24. Bile salts are important in the initial digestion of triacylglycerols in the intestine because they: (A) are coenzymes for pancreatic lipase. (B) convert the inactive lipase into the active form. (C) emulsify the triacylglycerol globules to produce greater surface area which will increase the activity of the lipase. (D) activate the cleavage at the C-2 position. (E) permit greater permeability of the triacylglycerols through the intestinal membrane.

25. The primary storage form of lipid is ____ and it is normally stored in the ____. (A) phospholipid； liver, (B) cholesterol； muscles, (C) monoacylglycerol； adipocytes, (D) triacylglycerols； adipocytes, (E) triacylglycerols； liver.

26. The product of β-oxidation, acetyl-CoA, can be used for all EXCEPT: (A) synthesis of ketone bodies, (B) synthesis of amino acids, (C) catabolism in the TCA cycle, (D) synthesis of glucose, (E) none of the above.

27. E. coli does NOT have any ____ fatty acids, plants can introduce double bonds into fatty acids between 9 and the ____ -end of the chain, while mammals can only introduce double bonds between 9 and the ____ -end of the chain. (A) saturated； carboxyl； methyl, (B) mono-unsaturated； carboxyl； methyl, (C) polyunsaturated； carboxyl； methyl, (D) polyunsaturated； methyl； carboxyl, (E) saturated； methyl； carboxyl.

28. An important mechanism of arachidonate release and eicosanoid synthesis involves ____ and ____. (A) insulin release； high blood sugar, (B) glucagon release； low blood sugar, (C) tissue injury； low blood sugar, (D) inflammation； tissue injury, (E) all are true.

29. Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? (A) Glycolysis, (B) Citric acid cycle, (C) Fermentation, (D) Mitochondrial electron transport, (E) Oxidative phosphorylation.

30. Which of the following enzymes is a multienzyme complex? (A) Hexokinase, (B) Phosphofructokinase, (C) Pyruvate dehydrogenase, (D) Aconitase, (E) Isocitrate dehydrogenase.

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