20. Nuclear fusion in the Sun is increasing its supply of:
(A) neutrons
(B) helium
(C) positrons
(D) hydrogen
(E) nucleons

1. A gas is enclosed in a container fitted with a piston of cross-sectional area 0.10 m². The pressure of the gas is maintained at 5000 Pa, while heat is slowly added; as a result, the piston is pushed up a distance of 4.0 cm. If 42 J of heat is added to the system during the expansion, what is the change in the internal energy of the system? (A) 20 J (B) 22 J (C) 24 J (D) -20 J (E) -22 J

2. Blood flows through the coronary artery that is partially blocked by deposits along the artery wall (as shown in the figure). Through which part of the artery is the flux (volume of blood per unit time) is largest? (A) the narrow part (B) the left wide part (C) the right wide part (D) the flux is the same in all parts (E) not enough information

3. The volume of an ideal gas is doubled while the temperature is increased from 100 K to 400 K. What is the final pressure in terms of its initial pressure pᵢ? (A) pᵢ (B) 2 pᵢ (C) 3 pᵢ (D) 4 pᵢ (E) 5 pᵢ

4. A 100-g cube of ice at 0°C is dropped into 1.0 kg of water that was originally at 80°C. What is the final temperature of the water after the ice melts? You may find the following information useful: cwater = 4186 J/kg·°C, Lf water = 3.33 × 10⁵ J/kg. (A) 0 °C (B) 18 °C (C) 32 °C (D) 44 °C (E) 65 °C

5. A 50.0-g object is attached to a horizontal spring with a spring constant of 10.0 N/m and released from rest with an amplitude of 25.0 cm. What is the speed of the object when it is halfway to the equilibrium position if the surface is frictionless? (A) 4.21 m/s (B) 8.42 m/s (C) 3.06 m/s (D) 6.12 m/s (E) 9.68 m/s

6. A person swings on a swing. When the person sits still, the swing oscillates back and forth at its natural frequency. If, instead, two people sit on the swing, the new natural frequency of the swing is (A) four times greater (B) twice greater (C) the same (D) twice smaller (E) impossible to determine

7. A 70-kg log falls from a height of 25 m into a lake. Suppose the log, the lake, and the air are all at 300 K. What is the change in the entropy of the Universe for this process, assuming that all of the log's potential energy is converted into heat? (A) 57 J/K (B) 29 J/K (C) 13 J/K (D) 7 J/K (E) 0 J/K

8. A heat engine operates in a Carnot cycle between 80.0°C and 350°C. It absorbs 21,000 J of energy per cycle from the hot reservoir. The duration of each cycle is 1.0 s. What is the mechanical power output of this engine? (A) 21.0 kW (B) 91.0 kW (C) 9.10 kW (D) 16.2 kW (E) not enough information

9. A 1.5-kg copper block is given an initial speed of 3.0 m/s on a rough horizontal surface. Because of friction, the block finally comes to rest. If the block absorbs 85% of its initial kinetic energy as internal energy, calculate its increase in temperature. You may find this information useful: ccopper = 387 J/kg·°C. (A) 1.1 °C (B) 11 °C (C) 5.5 °C (D) 3.3×10⁻³ °C (E) 9.9×10⁻³ °C

10. A copper telephone wire has essentially no sag between poles 35.0 m apart on a winter day when the temperature is -20.0°C. How much longer is the wire on a summer day when Tc = 35.0°C? Assume that the thermal coefficient of copper is constant throughout this range at its room temperature value. The average coefficient of linear expansion for copper is 17 × 10⁻⁶ (°C)⁻¹. (A) 3.27 cm (B) 4.12 cm (C) 1.00 cm (D) 12.04 cm (E) 8.40 cm

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