21. The Southern blotting method is normally used for detection of
(A) proteins
(B) DNA
(C) RNA
(D) lipids
(E) carbobydrates.

22. The mRNA must contain the following to allow for initiation of protein synthesis in E. coli. (A) A purine rich sequence to bind to the ribosome. (B) A pyrimidine rich sequence to bind to the ribosome. (C) A Shine-Delgarno sequence. (D) A purine rich sequence to bind to the ribosome and a Shine-Delgarno sequence (E). A pyrimidine rich sequence to bind to the ribosome and a Shine-Delgarno sequence.5

23. Which of the following details the progression of structural levels from DNA to chromosome in eukaryotic DNA? (A) A-DNA → 30-nin fiber → nucleosome → loop→ chromosome (B) A-DNA → nucleosome →loop→ 30-nm fiber→ chromosome (C) B-DNA → nucleosome→ 30-nm fiber → loop→ chromosome (D) B-DNA→ nucleosome→ loop→ 30-nm fiber→ chromosome (E) Z-DNA →30-nm fiber → nucleosome → loop→ chromosome

24. Which of the following tRNA binding sites is correctly defined? (A) A site: accepts incoming aminoacyl-tRNA (B)E site: entrance site for initial tRNA binding (C) P site: site occupied by the tRNA that accepts the growing peptide chain (D) T site: site that is briefly occupied while the tRNA is passed from the A site to P site (E) all of the above

25. Which of the following is responsible for RNA splicing? (A)rRNA (B) miRNA (C)tRNA (D).siRNA (E) SnRNA

26. What is the region immediately adjacent to the starting site for RNA polymerization called? (A) promoter (B) enhancer (C) initiator (D) consensus sequence (E) TF binding site

27. What is the purpose of DNA helicase? (A) removal of negative supercoiling to allow for replication (B) removal of positive supercoiling to allow for replication (C) separation of double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA in front of DNA polymerase (D) conversion of single stranded DNA to double stranded DNA behind DNA polymerase (E) none of the above

28. What metabolite is used in unusually high amounts by cancerous tumors and is thus often used as a means to visualize cancerous tissue? (A) lactate (B) glutamine (C) glucose (D) ketone bodies (E) very long chain fatty acids

29. O-linked oligosaccharides are commonly attached to the oxygen of_____. (A) ribose (B) tyrosine (C) lysine (D) threonine (E) galactose

30. As temperatures grow colder with the onset of winter, animals will adapt by changing the fatty acid composition of cell membranes. What characteristics of fatty acids will be seen? (A) longer chains with greater unsaturation (B) longer chains with greater saturation (C) shorter chains with greater unsaturation (D) shorter chains with greater saturation (E) chain length and saturation do not change in a cell membrane

31. If the Asp in the chymotrypsin active site was mutated to another amino acid, which of the following would be considered an invisible mutation in that it is least likely to impact the function of the enzyme? (A) Asp→ Asn (B) Asp →Glu (C) Asp → His (D) Asp →Ser (E) Asp→  Lys

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