23. Which one of the following lipids is       not       a signal messenger?
(A) Phosphatidylinositol.
(B) Eicosanoid.
(C) Estradiol
(D) Jasmonate.
(E) Vitamin K

24. Which one of the following lipids can be used as an apoptotic marker? (A) Phosphatidylglycerol. (B) Phosphatidylethanolamine. (C) Phosphatidylserine. (D) Sphingomyelin. (E) Cholesterol.

25. Which one of the following transporters will theoretically have the fastest speed when activated? (A) (B) (C) SERCA pump. (D) Aquaporin. (E)

26. Which one of the following fatty acids does       not       proceed with β oxidation? (A) Palmitic acid (16:0). (B) (C) (D) Long chain odd number lipid. (E) Phytanic acid.

27. Which one of the following statements is       incorrect      ? (A) Fatty acid synthesis mostly takes place in the cytoplasm. (B) Biosynthesis of fatty acids requires a three carbon intermediate, propionyl-CoA. (C) The mitochondrial inner membrane is impermeable to acetyl-CoA. (D) Mammals cannot convert oleate (18:1(Δ9)) to linoleate . (E) Insulin stimulates the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins to fat.

28. Which one of the following statements is       incorrect      ? (A) Cholesterol is made from malonyl-CoA. (B) In vertebrates, all cells can synthesize cholesterol. (C) Cholesterol is a precursor of vitamin D. (D) Statins are competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. (E) Excess triacylglycerols in the liver are packaged into VLDL.

29. (1) Pyruvate. (2) ATP. (3) Ornithine. (4) Arginine. (5) Malate. (6) Aspartate. Which substance is       not       involved in the production of urea from via the urea cycle? (A) 4 and 5. (B) 1 and 5. (C) 1 and 4. (D) 3 and 6. (E) 2 only.

30. Which of the following statements in the reactions involved in amino acid oxidation and the production of urea from via the urea cycle is       false      ? (A) The coenzyme involved in a transaminase reaction is pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). (B) In liver mitochondria, glutaminase catalyzes the reaction to release the amino group from glutamine; the products are α-ketoglutarate and ammonia. (C) The pathways of the citric acid cycles and the urea cycles are interconnected. (D) Aspartate directly donates a nitrogen atom for the formation of urea during the urea cycle. (E) The urea cycle causes a net conversion of oxaloacetate to fumarate.

31. When alanine undergoes transamination with α-ketoglutarate, it will be converted to: (A) glutamate. (B) malate. (C) pyruvate. (D) oxaloacetate (E) glycine.

32. Which of the following statements about the reactions involved in amino acid metabolism is       false      ? (A) The activity of glutamine synthetase is regulated both allosterically and by covalent modification. Adenylation of glutamine synthetase stimulates its activity. (B) D-amino acid oxidase is present in humans, and participates in the pathways of glycine degradation. (C) The reaction of the combination of ammonia with glutamate to form glutamine is catalyzed by glutamine synthetase. ATP is required and γ-glutamyl phosphate is an intermediate in the reaction. (D) generated in liver mitochondria is immediately used, together with CO2 (as ), to form carbamoyl phosphate. This ATP-dependent reaction is catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I. (E) Alanine can play the role to transport ammonia from skeletal muscles to the liver. In muscles, glutamate can transfer its α-amino group to pyruvate to form alanine by alanine aminotransferase.

33. Which of the following statements about the reactions involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids is       false      ? (A) Animals can produce tyrosine directly from phenylalanine through hydroxylation. (B) Asparagine is not an essential amino acid in human. It is synthesized by amidation of aspartate, with glutamine donating the . (C) Chorismate is the parent compound for the synthesis of amino acids with aromatic ring. (D) Tyrosine can give rise to a family of neurotransmitter that includes dopamine and norepinephrine. (E) Glutamate can give rise to γ-aminobutyrate (GABA). It is a decarboxylation reaction requiring biotin.

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