26. DNA chips are used
(A) to sequence DNA.
(B) in DNA fingerprinting.
(C) to determine which genes are silent or are being expressed.
(D) in PCR.
(E) for all of these.

27. An advantage of x-ray crystallography relative to NMR for structure determination is that using x-ray crystallography: (A) It is easier to solve the structure of transmembrane domain-containing proteins. (B) It is easier to grow crystals than to prepare samples for NMR. (C) It is easier to interpret diffraction data. (D) It is easier to determine the structures of large proteins.

28. While there are many definitions of "functional genomics," select the best of these choices: (A) The assignment of function to genes based primarily on genomewide gene expression data using techniques such as microarrays or SAGE (B) The assignment of function to genes based primarily on comprehensive surveys of protein-protein interactions and protein networks (C) The combined use of genetic, biochemical, and cell biological approaches to study the function of a particular gene, its mRNA product, and its corresponding protein product (D) The assignment of function to genes and proteins using genomewide screens and analyses

29. Reverse genetics approaches involve (A) Systematically inhibiting the functions of one or many genes (or gene products), and measuring the phenotypic consequences correctly. (B) Measuring a phenotype of interest (such as cell growth), applying an intervention (such as radiation exposure) to generate a large collection of mutants, and identifying changes to the phenotype of interest. (C) Treating an organism with a chemical mutagen or other agent to induce mutations, observing a phenotype of interest, and mapping the gene(s) responsible for the phenotype. (D) all of the above.

30. The term "whole-genome shotgun sequencing" refers to: (A) A strategy to sequence an entire genome by breaking up DNA and sequencing using oligonucleotide primers that span the genomic DNA.. (B) A strategy to sequence an entire genome by breaking up DNA, cloning it into libraries, and sequencing using oligonucleotide primers that correspond to know chromosomal locations (contigs). (C) A strategy to sequence an entire genome by breaking up DNA, cloning it into libraries, hybridizing small fragments, then reassembling the fragments into a complete map. (D) A strategy to sequence an entire genome by breaking up DNA, cloning it into libraries, sequencing small fragments, then reassembling the fragments into a complete map.

31. A major advantage of two-dimensional protein gels as a high-throughput technology for protein analysis is that: (A) Sample preparation and the process or running two-dimensional gels is straightforward and can be automated. (B) The result of two-dimensional gels includes data on both the size and the charge of thousands of proteins. (C) The etechnique is well suited to the detection of low-abundance proteins. (D) The technique is well suited to the detection of hydrophobic proteins.

32. Photosystems are mainly (A) light-trapping molecules. (B) enzymes for splitting water. (C) clusters of ATP molecules. (D) sugar assembly sites. (E) electron transport systems.

33. Because AUG serves as the start codon for protein synthesis, methionine is found only at the N terminus of proteins. (A) False (B) True

34. Many antibiotics used in modern medicine selectively inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by exploiting the structural and functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes. (A) False (B) True

35. One can determine if a membrane protein is exposed on the external side of the plasma membrane by covalent attachment of a labeling reagent or by protease digestion only if the membrane is intact. (A) False (B) True

36. Hydrophobic interactions are exhibited with (A) ions. (B) nonpolar molecules. (C) hydration ions. (D) polar molecules. (E) none of these.

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