28. What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
(A) are two base-pair variations in the genomes of the human population
(B) are genetic markers used to study the genetic basis for disease
(C) are large nucleotide differences among individuals located in coding and non-coding sequences in the genome
(D) can not be the molecular basis for different alleles
(E) All of the listed responses are correct.

29. The most effective molecule for nitrogenous waste disposal in desert animals would be __________. (A) uric acid because it requires very little water for excretion (B) ammonia because it is the most soluble of all the nitrogen-containing metabolic waste products (C) ammonia because it uses less energy to make than uric acid or urea (D) urea because it is less toxic than uric acid (E) uric acid because it takes less energy to make than urea

30. Prions are __________ that are thought to cause disease by __________. (A) DNA molecules ... jumping around the genome and mutating genes (B) mutant DNA molecules ... encoding toxic proteins (C) abnormally shaped proteins ... inducing similar but normally shaped proteins in the brain to adopt the abnormal form (D) RNA molecules ... encoding toxic proteins (E) an abnormal type of capsid ... dramatically enhancing the rate of viral infection

31. In fungi, the function of the mycelium is (A) defense (B) dispersal to distant habitats (C) surviving a period of food shortage (D) obtaining food (E) movement

32. Ancient cyanobacteria were very important in the history of life because they (A) were the first truly multicellular organisms (B) were probably the first organisms to live on Earth (C) are the oldest known prokaryotes (D) extracted heat from the atmosphere, cooling Earth (E) produced atmospheric oxygen

33. The avian flu virus H5N1 is considered a greater long-term threat than the swine flu virus H1N1 because __________. (A) it has a significantly higher mortality rate (B) H5N1 has a greater tendency to become a prophage (C) more people eat chicken meat than pork (D) it is more readily transmitted between human hosts (E) H5N1 is a DNA virus and the similarity of genome chemistry can promote greater virulence and therefore the likelihood of death in humans.

34. To repair a thymine dimer by nucleotide excision repair, in which order do the necessary enzymes act? (A) endonuclease, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (B) exonuclease, DNA polymerase III, RNA primase (C) DNA ligase, nuclease, helicase (D) helicase, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase (E) DNA polymerase I, DNA polymerase III, DNA ligase

35. Which of the following best illustrates homeostasis? (A) All organs are composed of the same four kinds of tissue. (B) Elevated blood CO2 stimulates faster breathing, which rids the body of excess CO2. (C) All the cells in the body have much the same chemical composition. (D) The lung has a large surface for exchange of gases. (E) DNA stores the genetic information in a cell.

36. A chemist has discovered a drug that blocks phosphoglucoisomerase, an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. However, he cannot do this because (A) glycolysis can occur without the action of enzymes (B) human cells must also perform glycolysis; the drug might also poison them (C) this step in the pathway of glycolysis can be skipped in bacteria, but not in humans (D) glycolysis produces so little ATP that the drug will have little effect (E) bacteria are prokaryotes; they usually do not need to perform glycolysis

37. When searching for a donor for an organ transplant, doctors try to match the __________ of the donor and recipient as closely as possible. (A) cytokines (B) leukocytes (C) blood type (D) MHC proteins (E) antibodies

38. Which of the following best describes the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters? (A) Its significance has not yet been determined. (B) It sets the reading frame of the mRNA. (C) It is the recognition site for a specific transcription factor. (D) It is the recognition site for ribosomal binding. (E) It prevents supercoiling of the DNA near the start site.

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