30. Which amino acid catabolism would lead to anthranilic acid as an intermediate?
(A) Phenylalanine
(B) Histidine
(C) Tryptophan
(D) Threonine
(E) Leucine

31. The technique known as yeast two hybrid analysis for detecting interacting gene products depends on: (A) Stimulation of transcription by interaction oftwo Gal4p domains via fused protein sequences. (B) Direct binding of a Gal4p activation domain to a DNA sequence in the promoter region. (C) Havinga promoter that responds directly to one of the two proteins whose interactions are being measured. (D) Hybridization of DNA segments corresponding to the two genes being examined. (E) Activation of DNA polymerase by the nearby binding of hybridizing protein complexes.

32. Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is      CORREСТ     ? (A) Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. (B) It predicts that oxidative phosphorylation can occur even in the absence of an intact inner mitochondrial membrane. (C) The effect of uncoupling reagents is a consequence of their ability to carry electrons through membranes. (D) The membrane ATP synthase has no significant role in the chemiosmotic theory. (E) All of the above are correct.

33. A marathon runner is engaged in a 42-km race. At this stage, there is a massive flux of fatty acids entering the ẞ-oxidation status. Which of the following statements regarding this regulatory transition is      NOT      correct? (A) Elevated levels of glucagon activate protein kinases that phosphorylate and inactivate acetyl-CoA carboxylase. (B) An increase in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio activates AMP-activated protein kinase, which further suppresses the formation of malonyl-CoA. (C) The allosteric inhibition of carnitine acyltransferase I is further relieved. (D) The change of malonyl-CoA levels allows for the translocation of acetyl-CoA to compromise the situation. (E) Enhanced fatty acyl-CoA flux increases reliance on the carnitine shuttle for translocation.

34. Which amino acid(s) biosynthesis uses erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate as starting materials? (A) Glutamate, Asparagine, Histidine (B) Histidine, Phenylalanine, Lysine (C) Arginine, Serine, Threonine (D) Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine (E) Methionine, Cysteine, Isoleucine

35. In DNA sequencing by the Sanger (dideoxy) method: (A) The role ofthe dideoxy CTP is to occasionally terminate enzymatic synthesis of DNA where Gs occur in the template strands. (B) Specific enzymes are used to cut the newly synthesized DNA into small pieces, which are then separated by electrophoresis. (C) The dideoxynucleotides must be present at high levels to obtain long stretches of DNA sequence. (D) The template DNA strand is radioactive. (E) Radioactive dideoxy ATP is included in each of four reaction mixtures before enzymatic synthesis of complementary strands.

36. It is crucial that regulation occurs at the pyruvate dehydrogenase because: (A) Pyruvate kinase is reversible. (B) Lactate dehydrogenase is the only other enzyme to use pyruvate. (C) The product acetyl-CoA is committed to oxidation in the citric acid cycle or fatty acid biosynthesis. (D) Alanine aminotransferase would use the pyruvate. (E) All of the above.

37. What is the primary source of NADPH used for fatty acid biosynthesis in most animal tissues? (A) The citric acid cycle. (B) The pentose phosphate pathway. (C) Glycolysis. (D) The conversion of ADP to ATP in the mitochondria. (E) Lactic acid fermentation.

38. Which statement is      CORRECT     ? (A) Aspartate transcarbamoylase is the key enzyme to pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis (B) Aspartate transcarbamoylase, the catalytic function is feedback inhibited by CMР. (C) Aspartate transcarbamoylase, the catalytic rate is enhanced in the presence of GTP. (D) Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II is found in mitochondria. (E) The action of dihydroorotase is to open the pyrimidine ring.

39. Consider a liver cell carrying out the oxidation of glucose under aerobic conditions. Suppose we added a very potent and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase that completely inhibits this enzyme. Which of the following descriptions is (are)     CORRECТ     ? 1. The rate of oxygen consumption will increase.  2. ATP production in the cell will quickly drop to zero. 3. The citric acid cycle will speed up to compensate. 4. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis will cease, but to compensate, cells will accelerate the production of ATP by glycolysis, preventing ATP levels from dropping to zero. 5. The cell will switch to fatty acid oxidation as an alternative to glucose oxidation. (A) 1 and 5 are correct. (B) 3 and 4 are correct. (C) Only 2 is correct. (D) Only 4 is correct.(E) Only 5 is correct.

40. What is the end metabolite of the carbon catabolism of thymine? (A) Malonyl-CoA (B) HMG-CoA (C) Succinyl-CoA (D) Acetyl-CoA (E) Glutaryl-CoA

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