35. How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of xylulose?
(A) 3,
(B) 4,
(C) 5,
(D) 6,
(E) 7.

36. The carbon skeletons of all of the amino acids below converge to pyruvate EXCEPT: (A) alanine, (B) serine, (C) cysteine, (D) glycine, (E) glutamate.

37. Herbicides (e.g., "Roundup") that inhibit biosynthesis of "essential" amino acids should be relatively safe for animal exposure because animals do not have enzymes of: (A) photosynthesis, (B) glyoxylate cycle, (C) glutamine synthesis pathway, (D) Phe, Val, Leu, Ile and His biosynthetic pathways, (E) none of above.

38. Glutamine synthetase (GS) belongs to what class of enzymes? (A) isomerases, (B) oxidoreductase, (C) ligase, (D) lyase, (E) transferase.

39. The coenzyme for two single carbon additions in purine biosynthesis is: (A) THF, (B) biotin, (C) SAM, (D) TPP, (E) none are true.

40. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil? (A) competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, (B) suicide substrate for thymidylate synthase, (C) competitive inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, (D) non-competitive inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase, (E) none are true.

1. The α-helix and β-strand are: (A) primary structure, (B) secondary structure, (C) tertiary structure, (D) quaternary structure, (E) regular structure.

2. What is the active form of methionine and acts as an intracellular methyl group donor? (A) S-adenosylhomocysteine, (B) homocysteine, (C) S-adenosylmethionine, (D) 5-methylthioadenosine, (E) None of the above.

3. What is the overall net charge on the peptide Arg-Gly-Ser-Lys-Glu-Asp at pH 7.0? (A) +2, (B) +1, (C) -2, (D) -1, (E) 0.

4. A Ramachandran plot shows (A) the amino acid residues which have the greatest degree of rotational freedom, (B) the sterically allowed rotational angles between R groups and α-carbons in a peptide, (C) the sterically allowed rotational angles between Cα and the amide nitrogen (Cα-N) as well as between Cα and the amide carbonyl carbon (Cα-CO), (D) the sterically allowed rotational angles about the amide nitrogen (NH) and CO, (E) the amino acid residues that form α-helix, β-sheet, etc.

5. The two enzymes that catalyze the bulk of the nitrogen flow from amino acids to ammonium ion are? (A) transaminases and dehydratases, (B) transaminases and glutamate dehydrogenase, (C) transaminases and amino acid oxidase, (D) glutamate dehydrogenase and dehydratases, (E) amino acid oxidase and dehydratases.

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